Alkanoylamino benzamide aniline hdac inhibitor compounds

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a compound of general Formula (I) having histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitory activity, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound, and a method useful to treat diseases using the compound.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is filed under 35. U.S.C. 111(a) claiming the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/185,126 filed Jun. 8, 2009, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

FIELD

The present invention generally relates to compounds having enzyme inhibitory activity, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compound, and methods useful for treating diseases.

BACKGROUND

Histones are protein components making up chromatin in association with DNA. Histones are subject to covalent modifications of various enzymes such as, for example, histone deacetylase (HDAC), histone methyltransferase (HMT) and histone acetyltransferase (HAT). Covalent modifications of core histones influence protein-protein interaction and protein access to DNA.

HDACs catalyze deacetylation of lysine residues on histones and other proteins. It is known that low levels of histone-acetylation are associated with repression of gene expression. Therefore, abnormal HDAC activities could destroy the delicate balance in cell regulation. The HDACs belong to four structurally and functionally different phylogenetic classes: class I (HDAC-1, -2, -3, and -8) compounds are closely related to yeast RPD3; class IIa (HDAC-4, -5, -7, and -9) and class IIb (HDAC-6 and -10) share domains with yeast HDAC-1; class IV, recently described (comprising HDAC-11), exhibits properties of both class I and class II HDACs. All the above HDACs are zinc dependent proteases. Class III HDACs have been identified on the basis of sequence similarity with Sir2, a yeast transcription repressor, and require the cofactor NAD⁺ for their deacetylase function. See, for example, Marielle Paris et al., Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: From Bench to Clinic, JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 51(11I): 3330-3330 (2008).

It has been reported that HDAC activities play an important role in a variety of human disease states. Accordingly, an HDAC inhibitor can provide therapeutic benefits to a broad range of patients. Due to the therapeutic significance, various types of HDAC inhibitors have been developed to date. See, for example, Moradei et al., Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Latest Developments, Trends, and Prospects, CURR. MED. CHEM.: ANTI-CANCER AGENTS 5(5):529-560 (2005).

US RE39,754 to Suzuki describes benzamide derivatives which contain a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heteroaryl group. Suzuki mentions that the benzamide derivatives are useful as therapeutics for malignant tumors, specifically for a hematologic malignancy or a solid carcinoma.

WO 2009/002495 describes 4-carboxybenzylamino compounds which contain an oxycarbamoylmethylene group attached to a pyridin-3-ylmethyl group in relation to inhibition of a histone deacetylase.

WO 2009/002534 mentions imidazopyridinyl compounds linked to anilide or hydroxamate moiety via thiazolylamino linker. The compounds are described as having enzyme inhibitory activity such as histone deacetylase inhibitory activity.

There is a continued need to develop new inhibitors to provide appropriate therapy for a variety of disease conditions implicated in HDAC activity.

SUMMARY

In various embodiments, a compound having HDAC inhibitory activity, a composition comprising the compound, and a method useful to treat diseases arising from abnormal cell proliferation or differentiation are provided.

In an embodiment, there is provided a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein

Cy is heterocyclyl containing at least one nitrogen ring atom, wherein Cy is optionally substituted with one or more R¹ where chemically feasible;

m is an integer from 0 to the maximum number of substitutable positions on Cy;

R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of:

(a) H, cyano, oxo, halo, nitro, hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, mercapto, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, and heterocyclylalkyl; and

(b) R⁸—C(O)—X¹—, R⁸—O—C(O)—X¹— and R⁸—S(O)_(a)—X¹—,

-   -   wherein X¹ is selected from the group consisting of a bond,         —NH—, —NH—C₁₋₆ alkylene, —O—C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆         akenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylene, arylene, and         heterocyclylene; and

R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of H, amino, hydroxy, alkyl, alkylamino, N-alkylamino, N,N-dialkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, and aryl; and

a is 0, 1 or 2,

wherein R¹ is optionally substituted with one or more A where such an optional substitution is chemically feasible; or

when m is 2, the two R¹ groups can be substituted on the same carbon ring atom of Cy and together with the carbon ring atom of Cy form a ring situated on Cy in a spiro configuration, wherein the spiro ring is cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl;

R² and R³ are independently selected from the group consisting of:

(a) H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, and aryl alkyl;

(b) R⁹—C(O)—X²—, R⁹—O—C(O)—X²— and R⁹—S(O)_(a)—X²—,

wherein X² is selected from the group consisting of a bond, —NH—, —NH—C₁₋₆ alkylene, —O—C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆ akenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylene, arylene, and heterocyclylen;

R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy, amino, alkyl, N-alkylamino, N,N-dialkylamino, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heterocyclyl; and

a is 0, 1 or 2;

wherein at least one of R² and R³ is a non-hydrogen substitution, and each R² and R³ is optionally substituted with one or more B where such an optional substitution is chemically feasible;

R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, alkylamino, alkylaminoalkyl, cycloalkylamino, heterocycloalkylamino, and arylamino wherein R⁴ is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halo, oxo, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, carbamoyloxy, carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl and aryl where such an optional substitution is chemically feasible;

R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, amino, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyl, N—-(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)amino, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂ amino, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂ carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl-S(O)_(n) wherein a is 0, 1 or 2, NH₂—S(O)₂NH—, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)sulphamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂sulphamoyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl and aryl;

n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;

R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, halo, haloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from amino, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl;

R⁷ is NH₂— or OH—;

o is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;

A is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, amino, carboxy, carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)amino, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ dialkyl)amino, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ dialkyl)carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, and R(R′)(R″)silyl wherein R, R′ and R″ are independently alkyl or aryl; and

B is independently selected from the group consisting of oxo, halo, amino, hydroxy, cyano, carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)amino, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ dialkyl)amino, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyl, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ dialkypearbarnoyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkoxy, heterocyclyl, (heterocyclyl)C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, aryl, (aryl)C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, (heteroaryl)C₁₋₁₀ alkyl and R(R′)(R″)silyl wherein R, R′ and R″ are independently alkyl or aryl.

In another embodiment, there is provided a compound of Formula (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein

R¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkylcycloalkyl, haloalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, haloalkylheteroaryl, and cycloalkylheteroaryl, wherein R¹ is optionally substituted with alkyl; and

o, n, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are as defined above.

In yet another embodiment, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprise an HDAC-inhibitory effective amount of one or more compounds described herein and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.

In yet another embodiment, there is provided a method of inhibiting or treating diseases arising from abnormal cell proliferation and differentiation comprise administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds described herein. Other methods involve co-therapies by administering one or more of the compounds together with other anti-cancer agents.

The compounds above are more fully described in the detailed description that follows.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the present disclosure, application, or uses.

Definitions

“Alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbyl group with at least one site of unsaturation, i.e. a carbon-carbon, sp² double bond. In an embodiment, alkenyl has from 2 to 12 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkenyl is a C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl group or a C₂-C₆ alkenyl group. Examples of alkenyl group include, but are not limited to, ethylene or vinyl (—CH═CH₂), allyl (—CH₂CH═CH₂), cyclopentenyl (—C₅H₇), and 5-hexenyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH═CH₂).

“Alkanoyl” is the group RC(O)—; “alkanoyloxy” is RC(O)O—; and “alkanoylamino” is RC(O)NR′—; where R is an alkyl group as defined herein, and R′ is hydrogen or alkyl. In various embodiments, R is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group.

“Alkanoylalkyl” is the group RC(O)R′—, wherein R and R′ are independently selected alkyl.

“Alkanoyloxyalkyl” is the group RC(O)OR′—, wherein R and R′ are independently selected alkyl.

“Alkoxy” is RO— where R is alkyl. Non-limiting examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy and propoxy.

“Alkoxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl moiety substituted with an alkoxy group. Examples of alkoxyalkyl groups include methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxypropyl and ethoxyethyl.

“Alkoxycarbonyl” is ROC(O)—, where R is an alkyl group as defined herein. In various embodiments, R is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group.

“Alkoxycarbonylalkyl” is the group ROC(O)R′—, wherein R and R′ are independently selected alkyl.

“Alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl group. In an embodiment, alkyl has from 1 to 12 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkyl is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl and decyl.

“Alkylamino” refers to an amino group substituted with one or more alkyl groups. “N-(alkyl)amino” is RHN— and “N,N-(alkyl)₂amino” is R₂N—, where the R groups are alkyl as defined herein and are the same or different. In various embodiments, R is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group. Examples of alkylamino groups include methyl amino, ethylamino, propyl amino, butylamino, N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-diethylamino, and methylethylamino.

“Alkylaminoalkyl” refers to an alkyl moiety substituted with an alkylamino group, wherein alkylamino is as defined herein. Examples of alkylaminoakyl groups include methylaminomethyl and ethylaminomethyl.

“Alkylcycloalkyl” is an alkyl group, as defined herein, substituted with a cycloalkyl group, also as defined herein.

“N-(alkyl)carbamoyl” is the group R—NH—C(O), wherein R is alkyl as defined herein. In various embodiments, R is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₆ alkyl. Examples of alkylcarbamoylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, N-propylcarbamoyl and N-butylcarbamoyl. “N,N-(Alkyl)₂-carbamoyl” and “N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl” is the group (R)R′N—C(O)—, wherein R and R′ are independently selected alkyl as defined herein. In various embodiments, R and R′ are C₁-C₁₀ alkyl groups or C₁-C₆ alkyl groups. Examples of N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl groups include, but are not limited to, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl, N,N-methylethylcarbamoyl, N,N-diethylcarbamoyl, N,N,-dipropylcarbamoyl and N,N-dibutylcarbamoyl.

“Alkylcarbamoylalkyl” is the group R—NH—C(O)—R′, wherein R and R′ are independently selected alkyl as defined herein. In various embodiments, R and R′ are C₁-C₁₀ alkyl groups or C₁-C₆ alkyl groups. Examples of alkylcarbamoylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, N-methylcarbamoylmethyl, N-methylcarbamoylethyl, N-ethylcarbamoylmethyl, N-ethylcarbamoylethyl, N-propylcarbamoylethyl and N-butylcarbamoylethyl.

“Alkylsulfinyl” is the group RS(O)—, wherein R is alkyl as defined herein. In various embodiments, R is C₁-C ₁₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group. Examples of alkylsulfinyl groups include, but are not limited to, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, propylsulfinyl and butylsulfinyl.

“Alkylsulfonyl” is the group RS(O)₂—, wherein R is alkyl as defined herein. In various embodiments, R is C_(l)-C₁₀ alkyl group or C₁-C₆ alkyl group. Examples of alkylsulfonyl groups include, but are not limited to, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, propylsulfonyl and butylsulfonyl.

“Alkylthio” is the group RS—, wherein R is alkyl as defined herein. In various embodiments, R is C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group. Examples of alkylthio groups include, but are not limited to, methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio and butylthio.

“Alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched carbon-chain group with at least one site of unsaturation, i.e. a carbon-carbon, sp triple bond. In an embodiment, alkynyl has from 2 to 12 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkynyl is a C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl group or a C₂-C₆ alkynyl group. Examples of alkynyl groups include acetylenic (—C≡CH) and propargyl (—CH₂C≡CH).

“Aminoalkyl” is the group H₂NR—, wherein R is alkyl as defined herein. Examples of aminoalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, aminomethyl, 1-aminoethyl, 2-aminoethyl, 1-aminopropyl, 2-aminopropyl and 3-aminopropyl.

“Aminosulfonylalkyl” is the group H₂NS(O)₂R—, wherein R is alkyl as defined herein. Examples of aminosulfonylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to aminosulfonylmethyl, aminosulfonylethyl, aminosulfonylpropyl and aminosulfonylbutyl.

“Aryl” refers to any monocyclic or bicyclic carbon ring of up to 7 atoms in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic. Aryl encompasses a ring system of up to 14 carbons atoms that includes a carbocyclic aromatic group fused with a 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl group. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl and indanyl.

“Arylalkyl” and “Aralkyl” refer to any alkyl group, as defined herein, substituted with any aryl group, also as defined herein. Examples of aralkyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, phenylethyl, naphthylmethyl, tetrahydronaphtylmethyl and indanylmethyl.

“Arylamino” is the group RHN—, wherein R is aryl as defined herein. Examples of arylamino groups include, but are not limited to, phenylamino, naphthylamino, tetrahydronaphthylamino and indanylamino.

“Aryloxy” is RO—, where R is aryl. “Arylthio” is RS—, where R is aryl.

“Arylsulfonyl” is the group RS(O)₂—, wherein R is aryl as defined herein. Examples of arylsulfonyl groups include, but are not limited to, phenylsulfonyl, naphthylsulfonyl, tetrahydronaphthylsulfonyl and indanylsulfonyl.

“Arylthio” is the group RS—, wherein R is aryl as defined herein. Examples of arylthio groups include, but are not limited to, phenylthio, naphthylthio, tetrahydronaphthylthio and indanylthio.

“Arylthioalkyl” refers to any alkyl group, as defined herein, substituted with any arylthio group, as also defined herein. Examples of arylthioalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, phenylthiomethyl, naphthylthiomethyl, tetrahydronaphthylthiomethyl, indanylthiomethyl, phenylthioethyl, naphthylthioethyl, tetrahydronaphthylthioethyl and indanylthioethyl.

“Carbonyl” is the group —C(O)—, which can also be written as —(C═O)—. The carbonyl group can be found in several chemical moieties, such as acids, aldehydes, amides, cabamates, carboxylates, esters, and ketone; and functional groups, such as carbamoyl, alkanoyl, cycloalkanoyl, and heterocycloalkanoyl.

“Carbamoyloxy” refers to the group H₂NC(O)O—.

“Carbamoyl” is the group NH₂—C(O)—; the nitrogen can be substituted with alkyl groups. N-(alkyl)carbamoyl is RNH—C(O)— and N,N-(alkyl)₂ carbamoyl is R₂N—C(O)—, where the R groups are alkyl as defined herein and are the same or different. In various embodiments, R is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group.

“Carbamoylalkyl” refer to the group NH₂C(O)R—, wherein R is alkyl as defined herein. Examples of carbamoylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, carbamoylmethyl, carbamoylethyl, carbamoylpropyl and carbamoylbutyl.

“Carboxy” is the group HOC(O)—, and can also be referred to as a carboxylic acid.

“Cycloalkanoyl” is the group RC(O)—, wherein R is cycloalkyl as defined herein. Examples include, but are not limited to, cyclopropanoyl, cyclobutanoyl, cyclopentanoyl and cyclohexanoyl.

“Cycloalkylalkanoyl” is the group RC(O)—, wherein R is cycloalkyl as defined herein. Examples include, but are not limited to, cyclopropanoyl, cyclobutanoyl, cyclopentanoyl and cyclohexanoyl.

“Cycloalkylaminosulfonyl” is the group R—NH—S(O)₂—, wherein R is cycloalkyl as defined herein. Examples of cylcoalkylaminosulfonyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylaminosulfonyl, cyclobutylaminosulfonyl, cyclopentylaminosulfonyl and cyclohexylaminosulfonyl.

“Cycloalkylaminosulfinyl” is the group R—NH—S(O)—, wherein R is cycloalkyl as defined herein. Examples of cylcoalkylaminosulfinyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylaminosulfinyl, cyclobutylaminosulfinyl, cyclopentylaminosulfinyl and cyclohexylaminosulfinyl.

“Cycloalkylcarbonyl” and “cycloalkanoyl” refer to the group RC(O)—, wherein are is cycloalkyl as defined herein. Examples of cycloalkylcarbonyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylcarbonyl, cyclobutylcarbonyl, cyclopentylcarbonyl and cylcohexylcarbonyl.

“Cycloalkyl” is a saturated or partially unsaturated, mono-, bi- or tri-cyclic hydrocarbon group. In various embodiments, it refers to a saturated or a partially unsaturated C₃-C₁₂ cyclic moiety, examples of which include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.

In various embodiment, the term, cycloalkyl, is a bridged cycloalkyl group and non-limiting examples of which include:

“Cycloalkylamino” is the group R—NH—, wherein R is cycloalkyl as defined herein. Examples include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylamino, cyclobutylamino, cyclopenylamino and cyclohexylamino.

“Cycloalkyloxy” is RO—, where R is cycloalkyl.

“Cycloalkyloxysulfonyl” and “cylcoalkoxysulfonyl” refer to the group ROS(O)₂—, wherein R is cycloalkyl as defined herein. Examples of cycloalkyloxysulfonyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyloxysulfonyl, cyclobutyloxysulfonyl, cyclopentyloxysulfonyl and cyclohexyloxysulfonyl.

“Cycloalkyloxysulfinyl” and “cylcoalkoxysulfinyl” refer to the group ROS(O)—, wherein R is cycloalkyl as defined herein. Examples of cycloalkyloxysulfinyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyloxysulfinyl, cyclobutyloxysulfinyl, cyclopentyloxysulfinyl and cyclohexyloxysulfinyl.

“Cycloalkylalkyl” refers to an alkyl moiety substituted with a cycloalkyl group, wherein cycloalkyl is as defined herein. Examples of cycloalkylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl and cyclohexylmethyl.

“Cycloalkylalkyl —S(O)₂—” and “cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl” refer to the group R—R′—S(O)₂, wherein R is a cycloalkyl as defined herein, and R′ is an alkyl as also defined herein. Examples of cycloalkylalkyl-S(O)₂— include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylmethyl-S(O)₂—, cyclobutylmethyl-S(O)₂—, cyclopentylmethyl-S(O)₂—, cyclopenylethyl-S(O)₂— and cyclohexylmethyl-S(O)₂—.

“Cycloalkylsulfonyl” is the group RS(O)₂—, wherein the R is cycloalkyl as defined herein. Examples of cycloalkylsulfonyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylsulfonyl, cyclobutylsulfonyl, cyclopentylsulfonyl and cyclohexylsulfonyl.

“Dialkylamino” refers to an RR′N— group where R and R′ are independently selected alkyl as defined herein. Examples of dialkylamino groups include, but are not limited to, N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-diethylamino, methylethylamino and methylpropylamino. In various embodiments, R and R′ are independently a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group.

“Dialkylaminoalkyl” refers to an alkyl moiety substituted with a dialkylamino group, wherein dialkylamino is as defined herein. Examples of dialkylaminoalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, N,N-dimethylaminomethyl and N,N-diethylaminomethyl.

“Dialkylcarbamoyl” is the group RR′N—C(O)—, wherein R and R′ are independently selected alkyl as defined herein. In various embodiments, R and R′ are C₁-C₁₀ alkyl groups or C₁-C₆ alkyl groups. Examples of N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl groups include, but are not limited to, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl, N,N-methylethylcarbamoyl, N,N-diethylcarbamoyl, N,N,-dipropylcarbamoyl and N,N-dibutylcarbamoyl.

“Dialkylheterocycloalkyl-S(O)₂—” and “dialkylheterocycloalkylsulfonyl” refer to the group RS(O)₂—, wherein R is a hereocycloalkyl, as defined herein, substituted with two independently selected alkyl, as also defined herein.

The suffix “-ene” on a the name of a chemical moiety refers to any divalent, carbon-containing species, including, but not limited to, alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene, cyclylene, and heterocyclylene. The two attachments to the divalent moiety can occur on the same atom or on different atoms, when chemically feasible.

In various embodiments, examples of “Alkylene” include, but are not limited to, methylene, ethylene, propylene, isopropylene, butylene, isobutylene, sec-butylene, and tert-butylene. For alkylenes greater than one carbon in length, attachment can occur on the same carbon or on different carbons. For example, butylene can be attached as follows:

In various embodiments, “Arylene” refers to a divalent aryl substituent, as defined herein. The attachments can be in an ortho, meta, or para configuration.

“Feasible” refers to a structure or process which is capable of being accomplished, possible, suitable, or logical. When a structure or process is “chemically feasible”, that structure or process is synthetically attainable, chemically stable to the typical ambient conditions and/or contributes to favorable biological properties such as efficacy, bioavailability and minimal toxicity for the intended use. Chemically feasible structures are bound by the rules of electron bonding, whereby bonds can only be formed between atoms that are capable of forming bonds with one another. Likewise, chemically feasible processes can only produce structures which are themselves chemically feasible. Explosive, touch-sensitive, and pyrophoric substance or substances which undergo exothermic unimolar decompositions at high rates are typically not considered chemically feasible.

“Halo” refers to chloro (—Cl), bromo (—Br), fluoro (—F) or iodo (—I).

“Haloalkoxy” refers to an alkoxy group substituted with one or more halo groups and examples of haloalkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂ and —OCH₂F.

“Haloalkoxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl moiety substituted with a haloalkoxy group, wherein haloalkoxy is as defined herein. Examples of haloalkoxyalkyl groups include trifluoromethoxymethyl, trifluoroethoxymethyl and trifluoromethoxyethyl.

“Haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl moiety substituted with one or more halo groups. Examples of haloalkyl groups include —CF₃ and —CHF₂.

“Haloaryl” refers to any aryl group which is substituted with one or more independently selected halo group.

“Heteroaryl” is a heterocyclyl where at least one ring is aromatic. In various embodiments, it refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring having up to 7 atoms in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic and contains from 1 to 4 heteroatoms in the ring selected from the group consisting of N, O and S. Non-limiting examples of heteroaryl include pyridyl, thienyl, furanyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, pyranyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazoyl, pyrrolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzofuran yl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, benzothienyl, indolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzooxazolyl, benzimidazolyl, isoindolyl, benzotriazolyl, purinyl, thianaphthenyl and pyrazinyl. Attachment of heteroaryl can occur via an aromatic ring, or, if heteroaryl is bicyclic or tricyclic and one of the rings is not aromatic or contains no heteroatoms, through a non-aromatic ring or a ring containing no heteroatoms. “Heteroaryl” is also understood to include the N-oxide derivative of any nitrogen containing heteroaryl.

“Heteroarylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group, as defined herein, substituted with a heteroaryl group, also as defined herein. Examples of heteroarylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridylmethyl, pyridylethyl, thienylpropyl and furanylbutyl.

“Heteroaryloxy” is RO—, where R is heteroaryl.

“Heteroarylsulfonyl” is the group RS(O)₂—, wherein the R is heteroaryl as defined herein. Examples of heteroarylsulfonyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridylsulfonyl, thienylsulfonyl, furanylsulfonyl, pyrimidylsulfonyl and imidazolylsulfonyl.

“Heterocycloalkyl” refers to a saturated, or partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic group of 2 to 14 ring-carbon atoms containing one or more heteroatoms selected from P, N, O and S, in addition to ring-carbon atoms. In various embodiments the heterocyclic group is attached to another moiety through carbon or through a heteroatom, and is optionally substituted on carbon or a heteroatom. Examples of heterocycloalkyl include morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, and

In various embodiment, the term, “heterocycloalkyl,” is a bridged cycloalkyl group and examples of which include:

“Heterocycloalkylalkyl” refers to any alkyl group, as defined herein, substituted with any heterocycloalkyl group, as also defined herein.

“Heterocycloalkylamino” is the group RHN—, wherein R is a heterocycloalkyl, as defined herein. Examples of heterocycloalkylamino groups include, but are not limited to, azetidinylamino, benzoimidazolylamino, benzofuranylamino, benxopyrazolyl and benzotriazoylamino.

“Heterocycloalkyl-S(O)₂—” and “heterocycloalkylsulfonyl” refer to the group RS(O)₂, wherein R is heterocycloalkyl as defined herein.

“Heterocycloalkyl (C═O)” “heterocycloalkylcarbonyl” and “heterocycloalkanoyl” refer to the group RC(O)—, wherein R is heterocycloalkyl as defined herein.

“Heterocycloalkyloxy” is RO—, where R is heterocycloalkyl. “Heterocycloalkylthio” is RS—, where R is heterocycloalkyl.

“Heterocyclyl” includes the heteroaryls and the heterocycloclkyls defined herein and refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic group of 2 to 14 ring-carbon atoms and, in addition to ring-carbon atoms, 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from P, N, O and S. In various embodiments the heterocyclic group is attached to another moiety through carbon or through a heteroatom, and is optionally substituted on carbon or a heteroatom. Examples of heterocyclyl include azetidinyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, indolazinyl, indazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthpyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, oxazoline, isoxazoline, oxetanyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridopyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, tetrazolopyridyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, azetidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, hexahydroazepinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyridin-2-onyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, dihydrobenzoimidazolyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothiophenyl, dihydrobenzoxazolyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydroimidazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydroisooxazolyl, dihydroisothiazolyl, dihydrooxadiazolyl, dihydrooxazolyl, dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, dihydroquinolinyl, dihydrotetrazolyl, dihydrothiadiazolyl, dihydrothiazolyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrotriazolyl, dihydroazetidinyl, methylenedioxybenzoyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and tetrahydrothienyl, and N-oxides thereof.

“Heterocyclylalkyl” is an alkyl group substituted with a heterocyclyl.

“Hydroxyalkoxy” refers to an alkoxy group substituted with a hydroxy group (—OH), wherein alkoxy is as defined herein. An example of hydroxyalkoxy is hydroxyethoxy.

“Hydroxyalkyl” refers to a linear or branched monovalent C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbon group substituted with at least one hydroxy group and examples of hydroxyalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl and hydroxybutyl.

“Mercapto” refers to the sulfhydryl group HS—.

“Sulphamoyl” is NH₂—S(O)₂—; “N-(alkyl)sulphamoyl” is R—NH—S(O)₂—; and “N,N-(alkyl)₂ sulphamoyl” is R₂N—S(O)₂—, where the R groups are alkyl as defined herein and are the same or different. In various embodiments, R is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group.

“Trialkylsilyl” is the group R(R′)(R″)Si—, wherein R, R′ and R″ are each independently selected alkyl. Examples include, but are not limited to, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, and t-butyldimethylsilyl.

“Pharmaceutically-acceptable” means suitable for use in pharmaceutical preparations, generally considered as safe for such use, officially approved by a regulatory agency of a national or state government for such use, or being listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia or other generally recognized pharmacopoeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.

“Pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or carrier, or other ingredient which is pharmaceutically-acceptable and with which a compound of the invention is administered.

“Pharmaceutically-acceptable salt” refers to a salt which may enhance desired pharmacological activity. Examples of pharmaceutically-acceptable salts include acid addition salts formed with inorganic or organic acids, metal salts and amine salts. Examples of acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids include salts with hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid. Examples of acid addition salts formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, o-(4-hydroxy-benzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, 4-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-en-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 4,4′-methylen-bis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic) acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tert-butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acids, salicylic acid, stearic acid and muconic acid. Examples of metal salts include salts with sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, iron, and zinc ions. Examples of amine salts include salts with ammonia and organic nitrogenous bases strong enough to form salts with carboxylic acids.

“Therapeutically-effective amount” refers to an amount of a compound that, when administered to a subject for treating a disease, is sufficient to effect treatment for the disease. “Therapeutically effective amount” can vary depending on the compound, the disease and its severity, the age, the weight, etc. of the subject to be treated.

Embraced herein, where applicable, are permissible isomers such as tautomers, racemates, enantiomers, diastereomers, atropisomers, configurational isomers of double bonds (E- and/or Z-), cis- and trans-configurations in ring substitution patterns, and isotopic variants.

In one embodiment, there is provided a compound selected from those of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein Cy, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, m, n and o are as defined above.

In an embodiment, Cy is heterocyclyl containing 4, 5 or 6 ring atoms, one of which is a nitrogen ring atom attached to the remaining molecule, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R¹. Non-limiting examples of such heterocyclyls include pyrrolidinyl, oxopyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, azetidinyl,

In a particular embodiment, Cy is pyrrolidinyl or pyrrolidinyl fused with a saturated or unsaturated ring structure, wherein Cy is optionally substituted with one or more R¹. In one embodiment, Cy is pyrrolidinyl fused with a saturated or unsaturated ring structure having 5 or 6 ring members, wherein the cyclic moiety can contain one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. Non-limiting examples of such fused rings include:

In one embodiment, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl described herein is optionally substituted with R¹ which is selected from 2-oxo, 2-hydroxy, 2-methyl, 2,5-dioxo, 4-hydroxy-2-oxo, 2-dialkylamino, 2-carboxy, 2-(N,N-dialkyl)carbamoyl, 5-oxo-2-(N,N-dialkyl)carbamoyl, 2-hydroxymethyl, 2-(1-hydroxycyclopropyl), 3-fluoro, 2-methyl-2-carboxy, 3-trifluoromethyl, and 4-trifluoromethyl-2-carboxy.

In another particular embodiment, Cy is piperidinyl or piperidinyl fused with a saturated or unsaturated ring structure, wherein Cy is optionally substituted with one or more R¹. In one embodiment, Cy is piperidinyl fused with a saturated or unsaturated ring structure having 5 or 6 ring members, wherein the cyclic moiety can contain one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. Non-limiting examples of such fused rings include:

In one embodiment, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl described herein is substituted with R¹ which is selected from 4-hydroxy-4-methyl, 4-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl, 4-hydroxy-4-cyclopropyl, 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylamino), 4-(5-oxo-1,4-diazepan-1-yl), 4-acetamido, 4-(1-methylcyclopropylamino), 4-cyano, 4-carboxy-4-methyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl, 4-oxo, 4-phenyl, 4-pyridin-3-yl, 4-(5-trifluoromethylpyridin-3-yl), N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl, 2-aminomethyl, 3-hydroxy, 2-cyclobutyl, 2-carboxy, 4-(1-alkylpiperidin-4-yl), and 3-cyclobutylamino.

In yet another particular embodiment, Cy is piperazinyl or piperazinyl fused with a saturated or unsaturated ring structure, wherein Cy is optionally substituted with one or more R¹. In one embodiment, Cy is piperazinyl fused with a saturated or unsaturated ring structure having 5 or 6 ring members, wherein the cyclic moiety can contain one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S. Non-limiting examples of such fused rings include:

In one embodiment, substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl described herein is optionally substituted with R¹ which is selected from methyl, 1-methylcyclopropyl, trifluomethyl, methoxypropyl, N,N-dimethylaminopropyl, 1-carboxycyclopropyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoylcyclopropyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, 5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-ylmethyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl, morpholinylcarbonyl, t-butylcarbamoyl, morpholinoethoxycarbonyl, benzoyl, picolinoyl, quinoxa-6-linylcarbonyl, cyclopropylcarbonyl, propionyl, methoxypropanoyl, N,N-dimethylaminopropanoyl, 5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl, 5-chloropyridin-2-yl, 5-cyclopropylpyridin-2-yl, 5-chloropyrimidin-2-yl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 4-carboxyphenyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoylphenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 1-methylcyclopropoxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, 2-trifluoromethylprop-2-oxycarbonyl, methylsulfonyl, trifluoroethylsulfonyl, 5-trifluoromethylpyridin-3-ylsulfonyl, pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl, phenylsulfonyl, cyclopropylsulfonyl, pyridin-2-yl, 5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl, phenyl, cyclopropyl, ethyl, and

In yet another embodiment, Cy is heterocyclyl containing 4, 5 or 6 ring atoms which contain a nitrogen ring atom attached to the remaining molecule and an additional heteroatom, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R¹. Non-limiting examples of such heterocyclyls include:

In another embodiment, Cy is heterocyclyl contain a bridge which connects two carbon ring atoms of the heterocyclyl, wherein the bridge is a direct bond or a divalent chain containing one or more carbons or heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and wherein the heterocyclyl containing a bridge is optionally substituted with one or more R¹. Non-limiting examples of such bridged ring moieties include:

such as, for example,

wherein n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and Q is —NH—, —CH₂—, or —O—.

In various embodiments, a bridged ring as described herein is optionally substituted with one or more R¹, and non-limiting examples of such substituted, bridged rings include:

wherein n and R¹ are as defined above.

In yet another embodiment, two groups R¹ are substituted on the same carbon ring atom of Cy and together with the carbon ring atom of Cy form a ring situated on Cy in a Spiro configuration, wherein the spiro ring is cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl. Non-limiting examples of such spiro rings include:

In yet another embodiment, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of cyano, oxo, halo, nitro, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, amino, mercapto, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, R⁸—C(O)—X¹—, R⁸—O—C(O)—X¹— and R⁸—S(O)_(n)—X¹—, wherein X¹ is a bond, —NH—, —NH—C₃₋₆alkylene, —O—C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆ akenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylene, arylene, and heterocyclylene; and R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of H, amino, hydroxy, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkylamino, N-alkylamino, N,N-dialkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, and aryl; and a is 0, 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is optionally substituted with one or more A.

In various embodiments, R² and R³ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, cyclobutyl, methyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, cyclopentylmethyl, trifluoromethyl, methylcyclopentylmethyl, methyltetrahydrofuranylmethyl, methylhydroxymethyl, hydroxymethyl, methylmethoxymethyl, pyridinylmethyl, phenyl, pyridinyl, benzyl, cyclopentenylmethyl, methylazetidinyl, imidazolylmethyl, cyclopropylmethylimidazolylmethyl, trifluoroethylimidazolylmethyl, trifluoromethylpyridinylmethyl, fluorophenylmethyl, methoxyphenylmethyl, difluoromethoxyphenylmethyl, carboxymethyl, cyanoethyl, aminocarbonylmethyl, N,N-methoxyethylaminocarbonylmethyl, hydroxycarbonylmethyl, pyrrolidinylaminocarbonylmethyl, tert-butoxycarbonylmethyl, isopropylaminocarbonylmethyl, cyclopropylmethylaminocarbonylmethyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl, pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, fluoromethylpropyl, hydroxymethylpropyl, methoxymethyl, (cyclopropylmethoxy)methyl, (trimethylsilyl)methyl, phenoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyloxymethyl, piperidinylcarbonyloxymethyl, dimethylureidomethyl, morpholinylcarbonylaminomethyl, isobutyramidomethyl, acetamidomethyl, cyclopropylacetamidomethyl, ethyloxycarbonylaminomethyl, cyclobutylcarbonylaminomethyl, methylthioethyl, methylsulfonylethyl, cyclopropylmethylthiomethyl, cyclopropylmethylsulfonylmethyl, phenylthioethyl, phenylsulfonylethyl, indolylmethyl, isopropylindolylmethyl, chlorophenylthioethyl, oxoimidazolidinylmethyl, N,S-dimethylsulfonylaminomethyl, thiophenyl, acetamidopyrrolidinylmethyl, acetylpiperazinylmethyl, oxopiperazinylmethyl, butenylmethyl, methylbutenyl, cyclopropylpropynyl, hydroxymethylpentynyl, pyridinylmethyl, methoxybenzyl, difluorobenzyl, carboxypyrrolidinylethyl, cyanobenzyl, acetamidobenzyl, N,N-dimethylaminomethylbenzyl, N,N-dimethylaminopyridinylmethyl, carbamoylbenzyl, cyclopropylsulfamoylmethyl, dimethylpiperidinylsulfonamidomethyl, benzylsulfamoylmethyl, pyridinylmethylsulfamoylmethyl, chlorophenylsulfamoylmethyl, pyrimidinylbenzyl,

In various embodiments, R⁴ is selected from methyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, trifluoroethyl, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl, pyrrolidinylethyl, benzyl, pyridinylmethyl, ethylpyridinylmethyl, acetylpiperazinylethyl, methylsulfonamidoethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxycarbonylaminoethyl, pyrazinylaminoethyl, chlorofluorobenzyl, trifluoromethylpyridinylmethyl, imidazolylethyl, imidazolylmethyl, methyldioxopiperidinylmethyl, dioxopyrrolidinylethyl, N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl, morpholinocarbonylmethyl, hydroxymethylpropyl, fluorophenyl, and tetrahydropyranyl.

In various embodiments, R⁶ and R⁷ are substitutions on the phenyl ring attached to the -phenyl-C(O)—NH— linker; and R⁶ and R⁷ are selected to make any of the following substitutions:

wherein the wavy line shows an attachment position to the -phenyl-C(O)—NH-linker.

In particular embodiments, compounds are selected from those of Formula (I-a) and Formula (I-b) with substituents defined as in Formula (I):

wherein m, n, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined above; and Cy is a saturated, unsaturated, or partially unsaturated ring structure containing Q₁, Q₂, Q₃ and Q₄ ring atoms, i.e., Formula (I-a) or Q₁, Q₂, Q₃, Q₄ and Q₅ ring atoms, i.e., Formula (I-b) which are independently selected from C, N, O and S.

Compounds defined above are useful to inhibit HDACs. In one embodiment, therefore, a compound of the invention is used in inhibiting HDAC enzymes such as, for example, mammalian HDAC. More specifically, a compound of the invention can be used to treat or inhibit HDAC-mediated diseases or abnormalities.

In an embodiment of the compounds of Formula (I), (I-a) and (I-b), one or more (including all) of the substituents R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are further limited as follows:

m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and R¹ is selected from oxo, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, amino, azido, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkanoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyloxy, N-(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)amino, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂amino, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl-S(O)_(a), wherein a is 0, 1 or 2, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxycarbonyl, NH₂—S(O)₂NH—, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)sulphamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂sulphamoyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkylamino, heterocycloalkylamino and arylamino, wherein R¹ is optionally substituted by one or more A where such an optional substitution is chemically feasible;

A is independently selected from chloro, hydroxy, oxo, methyl, ethyl, propyl, methoxy, ethoxy, methoxymethyl, ethoxyethyl, propoxyethyl, methoxyethoxy, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyethoxy, N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-diethylamino, N,N-dimethylaminomethyl, N,N-diethylaminomethyl, N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy, trifluoromethoxymethyl, trifluoroethoxymethyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, trifluoromethylphenylethyl, phenoxymethyl, fluorophenoxymethyl, phenylethylaminomethyl, benzylaminomethyl, triazinylmethyl, piperidinylmethyl, piperidinyloxy, trifluoromethylpiperidinylmethyl, pyridinyloxymethyl, pyridinylmethoxy, tetrahydropyrazinyloxy, methylpiperazinylmethyl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl, pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl, pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl, pyrrolidin-1-ylethoxy, pyrrolidin-2-ylethoxy, pyrrolidin-3-ylethoxy, imidazol-1-ylmethyl, imidazol-2-ylmethyl, imidazol-4-ylmethyl, imidazolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-2-yl, imidazolidin-4-yl, imidazolidin-1-ylmethyl, imidazolidin-2-ylmethyl, imidazolidin-4-ylmethyl, imidazolin-1-yl, imidazolin-2-yl, imidazolin-4-yl, pyrazolidin-1-yl, pyrazolidin-3-yl, pyrazolidin-4-yl, pyrazolin-1-yl, pyrazolin-3-yl, pyrazolin-4-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-4-yl, piperidin-1-ylmethyl, piperidin-2-ylmethyl, piperidin-3-ylmethyl, piperidin-4-ylmethyl, piperazin-1-yl, piperazin-2-yl, piperazin-3-yl, morpholin-2-yl, morpholin-3-yl, morpholin-4-yl, morpholin-2-ylmethyl, morpholin-3-ylmethyl, morpholin-4-ylmethyl, morpholin-2-ylethoxy, morpholin-3-ylethoxy and morpholin-4-ylethoxy;

R² is H, alkyl, or aryl; and R³ is selected from cyclobutyl, methyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, cyclopentylmethyl, trifluoromethyl, methylcyclopentylmethyl, methyltetrahydrofuranylmethyl, methylhydroxymethyl, hydroxymethyl, methylmethoxymethyl, pyridinylmethyl, phenyl, pyridinyl, benzyl, cyclopentenylmethyl, methylazetidinyl, imidazolylmethyl, cyclopropylmethylimidazolylmethyl, trifluomethylimidazolylmethyl, trifluoromethylpyridinylmethyl, fluorobenzyl, methoxybenzyl, difluoromethoxybenzyl, carboxymethyl, cyanoethyl, carbamoylmethyl, N-(methoxyethyl)carbamoylmethyl, carboxymethyl, N-(pyrrolidinyl)carbamoylmethyl, t-butanoylmethyl, N-isopropylcarbamoylmethyl, N-cyclopropylmethylcarbamoylmethyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl, pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, fluoromethylpropyl, hydroxymethylpropyl, methoxymethyl, cyclopropylmethoxymethyl, trimethylsilylmethyl, phenoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyloxymethyl, piperidinylcarbonyloxymethyl, N,N-dimethylureidomethyl, morpholinylcarbonylaminomethyl, isobutyramidomethyl, acetamidomethyl, cyclopropylacetamidomethyl, ethyloxycarbonylaminomethyl, cyclobutylcarbonylaminomethyl, methylthioethyl, methylsulfonylethyl, cyclopropylmethylthiomethyl, cyclopropylmethylsulfonylmethyl, phenylthioethyl, phenylsulfonylethyl, indolylmethyl, isopropylindolylmethyl, chlorophenylthioethyl, oxoimidazolidinylmethyl, N,S-dimethylsulfonylaminomethyl, thiophenyl, acetamidopyrrolidinylmethyl, acetylpiperazinylmethyl, oxopiperazinylmethyl, butenylmethyl, methylbutenyl, cyclopropylpropynyl, hydroxymethylpentynyl, pyridinylmethyl, methoxybenzyl, difluorobenzyl, hydroxyoxopyrrolidinylethyl, cyanobenzyl, acetamidobenzyl, N,N-dimethylaminomethylbenzyl, N,N-dimethylaminopyridinylmethyl, carbamoylbenzyl, cyclopropylsulfamoylmethyl, dimethylpiperidinesulfonamidomethyl, benzylsulfamoylmethyl, pyridinylmethylsulfamoylmethyl, chlorophenylsulfamoylmethyl, pyrimidinylbenzyl,

or

R² is selected from methyl, methoxymethyl, and benzyl; and R³ is selected from isobutyl, methoxymethyl, methoxymethyl, N,N-dimethylaminoethoxymethyl, and trifluoroethyl;

R⁴ is selected from methyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, trifluoroethyl, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl, pyrrolidinylethyl, benzyl, pyridinylmethyl, ethylpyridinylmethyl, acetylpiperazinylethyl, methylsulfonamidoethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxycarbonylaminoethyl, pyrazinylaminoethyl, chlorofluorobenzyl, trifluoromethylpyridinylmethyl, imidazolylethyl, imidazolylmethyl, (1-methyl-2,6-dioxopiperidin-4-yl)methyl, 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-ylethyl, N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl, morpholinocarbonylmethyl, hydroxybutyl, fluorophenyl, and tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl; and

n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and R⁵ is fluoro or haloalkyl.

In one embodiment, this disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I-a) and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined above for various aspects of Formula (I); and Cy is a saturated, unsaturated, or partially unsaturated ring structure containing Q₁, Q₂, Q₃ and Q₄ ring atoms which are independently selected from C, N, O and S.

In an embodiment of Formula (I-a), each of Q¹, Q², Q³ and Q⁴ is carbon ring atom, thereby having Cy being pyrrolidinyl which is optionally substituted with one or more R¹, wherein R¹is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, methyl, hydroxy, dialkylamino, carboxy, N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl, 5-oxo-2-(N,N-dialkyl)carbamoyl, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxycyclopropyl), fluoro, carboxy, and trifluoromethyl; R² is selected from H, methyl, methoxymethyl, and benzyl; and R³ is selected from cyclobutyl, methyl, propyl, cyclopentylmethyl, trifluoromethyl, (1-methylcyclopent-1-yl)methyl, (3-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methyl, methylhydroxymethyl, hydroxymethyl, methylmethoxymethyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, phenyl, pyridin-2-yl, benzyl, cyclopentenylmethyl, 1-methylazetidin-3-yl, imidazolylmethyl, cyclopropylmethylimidazolylmethyl, (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)imidazolylmethyl, (5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl, fluorobenzyl, methoxybenzyl, difluoromethoxybenzyl, carboxymethyl, cyanoethyl, carbamoylmethyl, N-(2-methoxyethyl)carbamoylmethyl, carboxymethyl, N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoylmethyl, 2-t-butanoylmethyl, N-isopropylcarbamoylmethyl, N-cyclopropylmethylcarbamoylmethyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl, pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, 2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, methoxymethyl, cyclopropylmethoxymethyl, trimethylsilylmethyl, phenoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyloxymethyl, piperidin-1-ylcarbonyloxymethyl, N,N-dimethylureidomethyl, morpholinylcarbonylaminomethyl, isobutylamidomethyl, acetamidomethyl, (2-cyclopropylacetamido)methyl, ethoxycarbonylaminomethyl, cyclobutylcarbonylaminomethyl, methylthioethyl, methylsulfonylethyl, cyclopropylmethylthiomethyl, cyclopropylmethylsulfonylmethyl, phenylthioethyl, phenylsulfonylethyl, indol-3-ylmethyl, isopropylindolylmethyl, 2-chlorophenylthioethyl, 2-oxoimidazolidin-1-ylmethyl, N,S-dimethylsulfonylaminomethyl, thiophen-2-yl, (3-acetamidopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl, (4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl, (3-oxopiperazin-1-yl)methyl, but-2-enylmethyl, 2-methylbut-2-enyl, 3-cyclopropylprop-2-ynyl, 4-hydroxy-4-methylpent-2-ynyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 2,3-difluorobenzyl, 1-hydroxy-2-oxo-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-cyanobenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl, 4-((N,N-dimethylamino)methyl)benzyl, (6-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridin-3-yl)methyl, 4-carbamoylbenzyl, cyclopropylsulfamoylmethyl, (4,4-dimethylpiperidine-1-sulfonamido)methyl, benzylsulfamoylmethyl, ((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)sulfamoyl)methyl, ((4-chlorophenyl)sulfamoyl)methyl, and 4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzyl; R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, trifluoroethyl, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl, pyrzolidin-1-ylethyl, benzyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, (1-ethylpyridin-4-yl)methyl, (4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl, methylsulfonamidoethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxycarbonylaminoethyl, (pyrazin-2-ylamino)ethyl, 2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl, (5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl, imidazolylethyl, imidazolylmethyl, (1-methyl-2,6-dioxopiperidin-4-yl)methyl, 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-ylethyl, (N,N-dimethylamino)carbonylmethyl, morpholinocarbonylmethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, 4-fluorophenyl, tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl,

n is 0, 1 or 2 and R⁵ is independently selected from halo, hydroxy, alkyl and haloalkyl; and R⁶ is selected from fluoro, trifluoromethyl, phenyl, fluorophenyl, thiophenyl, chlorothiophenyl, and methylthiophenyl.

Non-limiting examples of such compounds include compounds of Formula (I-a1) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

Formula (I-a1)

Comp. No. R² R³ R⁴ R⁵ R⁶ a1-1  H —CH₃ H H H a1-2  H —CH₃ —CH₃ H H a1-3  H —CH₃ H —F (position 3) H a1-4  H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3) H a1-5  H —CH₃ H H

a1-6  H —CH₃ —CH₃ H

a1-7  H —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

a1-8  H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

a1-9  H —CH₃ H H

a1-10 H —CH₃ —CH₃ H

a1-11 H —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

a1-12 H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

a1-13 H —CH₃ H H

a1-14 H —CH₃ —CH₃ H

a1-15 H —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

a1-16 H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

a1-17 H phenyl H H H a1-18 H phenyl —CH₃ H H a1-19 H phenyl H —F (position 3) H a1-20 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3) H a1-21 H phenyl H H

a1-22 H phenyl —CH₃ H

a1-23 H phenyl H —F (position 3)

a1-24 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3)

a1-25 H phenyl H H

a1-26 H phenyl —CH₃ H

a1-27 H phenyl H —F (position 3)

a1-28 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3)

a1-29 H phenyl H H

a1-30 H phenyl —CH₃ H

a1-31 H phenyl H —F (position 3)

a1-32 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3)

a1-33 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H H a1-34 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H H a1-35 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3) H a1-36 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3) H a1-37 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H

a1-38 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H

a1-39 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

a1-40 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

a1-41 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H

a1-42 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H

a1-43 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

a1-44 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

a1-45 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H

a1-46 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H

a1-47 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

a1-48 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

In an embodiment of Formula (I-a), each of Q¹, Q³ and Q⁴ is carbon ring atom and Q² is carbon ring atom substituted with oxo, thereby having Cy being oxopyrrolidinyl which is optionally substituted with one or more R¹, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, methyl, oxo, hydroxy, dialkylamino, carboxy, N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl, hydroxymethyl, hydroxycyclopropyl, 3-fluoro, 2-methyl-2-carboxy, trifluoromethyl, and carboxy; and R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined above for various aspects of Formula (I-a).

Non-limiting examples of such compounds include compounds of Formula (I-a2) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

Formula (I-a2)

Comp. No. R² R³ R⁴ R⁵ R⁶ a2-1  H —CH₃ H H H a2-2  H —CH₃ —CH₃ H H a2-3  H —CH₃ H —F (position 3) H a2-4  H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3) H a2-5  H —CH₃ H H

a2-6  H —CH₃ —CH₃ H

a2-7  H —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

a2-8  H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

a2-9  H —CH₃ H H

a2-10 H —CH₃ —CH₃ H

a2-11 H —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

a2-12 H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

a2-13 H —CH₃ H H

a2-14 H —CH₃ —CH₃ H

a2-15 H —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

a2-16 H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

a2-17 H phenyl H H H a2-18 H phenyl —CH₃ H H a2-19 H phenyl H —F (position 3) H a2-20 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3) H a2-21 H phenyl H H

a2-22 H phenyl —CH₃ H

a2-23 H phenyl H —F (position 3)

a2-24 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3)

a2-25 H phenyl H H

a2-26 H phenyl —CH₃ H

a2-27 H phenyl H —F (position 3)

a2-28 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3)

a2-29 H phenyl H H

a2-30 H phenyl —CH₃ H

a2-31 H phenyl H —F (position 3)

a2-32 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3)

a2-33 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H H a2-34 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H H a2-35 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3) H a2-36 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3) H a2-37 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H

a2-38 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H

a2-39 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

a2-40 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

a2-41 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H

a2-42 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H

a2-43 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

a2-44 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

a2-45 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H

a2-46 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H

a2-47 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

a2-48 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound of Formula (I-b) and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein m, n, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined above for various aspects of Formula (I); and Cy is a saturated, unsaturated, or partially unsaturated ring structure containing Q₁, Q₂, Q₃, Q₄ and Q₅ ring atoms which are independently selected from C, N, O and S.

In an embodiment of Formula (I-b), each of Q¹, Q², Q⁴ and Q⁵ is carbon ring atom and Q³ is oxygen ring atom, thereby having Cy being morpholinyl which is optionally substituted with one or more R¹, wherein R¹ is selected from methyl, methylcyclopropyl, trifluoroethyl, methoxypropyl, N,N-dimethylaminopropyl, carboxycyclopropyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoylcyclopropyl, pyridinylmethyl, trifluoromethylpyridinylmethyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl, morpholinocarbonyl, t-butylcarbamoyl, morpholinoethoxycarbonyl, benzoyl, picolinoyl, quinoxalinylcarbonyl, cyclopropylcarbonyl, propionyl, methoxypropanoyl, N,N-dimethylaminopropanoyl, trifluoromethylpyridinyl, chloropyridinyl, cyclopropylpyridinyl, chloropyrimidinyl, methoxyphenyl, carboxyphenyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoylphenyl, chlorophenyl, bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanoxycarbonyl, methylcyclopropoxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, tritluoromethylpropoxycarbonyl, methylsulfonyl, trifluoroethylsulfonyl, trifluoromethylpyridinylsulfonyl, pyridinylsulfonyl, phenylsulfonyl, cyclopropylsulfonyl, pyridinyl, trifluoromethylpyridinyl, phenyl, cyclopropyl, hydroxypropyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxycyclopropyl, trifluoroethylamino, oxo, diazepanyl, acetamido, methylcyclopropylamino, cyano, carboxymethyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl, pyridinyl, trifluoromethylpyridinyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl, aminomethyl, hydroxy, cyclobutyl, carboxy, alkylpiperidinyl, and cyclobutylamino; and R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined above for various aspects of Formula (I-a).

Non-limiting examples of such compounds include compounds of Formula (I-b1) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

Formula (I-b1)

Comp. No. R² R³ R⁴ R⁵ R⁶ b1-1  H —CH₃ H H H b1-2  H —CH₃ —CH₃ H H b1-3  H —CH₃ H —F (position 3) H b1-4  H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3) H b1-5  H —CH₃ H H

b1-6  H —CH₃ —CH₃ H

b1-7  H —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

b1-8  H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

b1-9  H —CH₃ H H

b1-10 H —CH₃ —CH₃ H

b1-11 H —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

b1-12 H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

b1-13 H —CH₃ H H

b1-14 H —CH₃ —CH₃ H

b1-15 H —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

b1-16 H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

b1-17 H phenyl H H H b1-18 H phenyl —CH₃ H H b1-19 H phenyl H —F (position 3) H b1-20 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3) H b1-21 H phenyl H H

b1-22 H phenyl —CH₃ H

b1-23 H phenyl H —F (position 3)

b1-24 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3)

b1-25 H phenyl H H

b1-26 H phenyl —CH₃ H

b1-27 H phenyl H —F (position 3)

b1-28 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3)

b1-29 H phenyl H H

b1-30 H phenyl —CH₃ H

b1-31 H phenyl H —F (position 3)

b1-32 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3)

b1-33 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H H b1-34 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H H b1-35 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3) H b1-36 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3) H b1-37 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H

b1-38 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H

b1-39 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

b1-40 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

b1-41 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H

b1-42 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H

b1-43 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

b1-44 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

b1-45 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H

b1-46 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H

b1-47 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

b1-48 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

In an embodiment of Formula (I-b), each of Q¹, Q², Q³, Q⁴ and Q⁵ is carbon ring atom, or each of Q¹, Q², Q⁴ and Q⁵ is carbon ring atom and Q³ is nitrogen ring atom, thereby having Cy being piperidinyl or piperazinyl which is optionally substituted with one or more R¹; and R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined above for various aspects of Formula (I-b).

Non-limiting examples of such compounds include compounds of Formulae (I-b2) and (I-b3) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ can be selected to have the same combination of substituents given in the table for Compounds I-b1-01 to I-b1-48.

In yet another embodiment, there is provided a compound selected from those of Formula (II) and pharmaceutically accepted salts thereof:

wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkylcycloalkyl, haloalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, haloalkylheteroaryl, and cycloalkylheteroaryl wherein R¹ is optionally substituted with alkyl; and R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, n and o are as defined above for various aspects of Formula (I).

In a particular embodiment of Formula (II), R¹ is selected from the group consisting of phenylalkyl, bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, 1-methylcyclopropyl, t-butyl, 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-methylprop-2-oxycarbonyl, benzoxycarbonyl, pyridin-3-ylmethyl, 5-trifluoromethylpyridin-3-ylmethyl, 5-cyclopropylpyridin-3-ylmethyl, 1-phenylethyl, quinolin-3-ylmethyl, and 2-morpholinoethyl; R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ are as defined above for various aspects of Formula (I-a).

In an embodiment, R¹ is t-butyl. Non-limiting examples of such compounds include compounds of Formula (II-c1) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

Formula (II-c1)

Comp. No. R² R³ R⁴ R⁵ R⁶ c1-1  H —CH₃ H H H c1-2  H —CH₃ —CH₃ H H c1-3  H —CH₃ H —F (position 3) H c1-4  H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3) H c1-5  H —CH₃ H H

c1-6  H —CH₃ —CH₃ H

c1-7  H —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

c1-8  H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

c1-9  H —CH₃ H H

c1-10 H —CH₃ —CH₃ H

c1-11 H —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

c1-12 H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

c1-13 H —CH₃ H H

c1-14 H —CH₃ —CH₃ H

c1-15 H —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

c1-16 H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

c1-17 H phenyl H H H c1-18 H phenyl —CH₃ H H c1-19 H phenyl H —F (position 3) H c1-20 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3) H c1-21 H phenyl H H

c1-22 H phenyl —CH₃ H

c1-23 H phenyl H —F (position 3)

c1-24 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3)

c1-25 H phenyl H H

c1-26 H phenyl —CH₃ H

c1-27 H phenyl H —F (position 3)

c1-28 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3)

c1-29 H phenyl H H

c1-30 H phenyl —CH₃ H

c1-31 H phenyl H —F (position 3)

c1-32 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3)

c1-33 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H H c1-34 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H H c1-35 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3) H c1-36 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3) H c1-37 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H

c1-38 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H

c1-39 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

c1-40 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

c1-41 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H

c1-42 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H

c1-43 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

c1-44 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

c1-45 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H

c1-46 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H

c1-47 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

c1-48 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

In an embodiment of Formula (II), R¹ is phenylalkyl such as benzyl and phenylethyl; R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined above for various aspects of Formula (I-a).

Non-limiting examples of such compounds include compounds of Formula (II-c2) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

Formula (II-c2)

Comp. No. R² R³ R⁴ R⁵ R⁶ c2-1  H —CH₃ H H H c2-2  H —CH₃ —CH₃ H H c2-3  H —CH₃ H —F (position 3) H c2-4  H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3) H c2-5  H —CH₃ H H

c2-6  H —CH₃ —CH₃ H

c2-7  H —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

c2-8  H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

c2-9  H —CH₃ H H

c2-10 H —CH₃ —CH₃ H

c2-11 H —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

c2-12 H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

c2-13 H —CH₃ H H

c2-14 H —CH₃ —CH₃ H

c2-15 H —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

c2-16 H —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

c2-17 H phenyl H H H c2-18 H phenyl —CH₃ H H c2-19 H phenyl H —F (position 3) H c2-20 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3) H c2-21 H phenyl H H

c2-22 H phenyl —CH₃ H

c2-23 H phenyl H —F (position 3)

c2-24 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3)

c2-25 H phenyl H H

c2-26 H phenyl —CH₃ H

c2-27 H phenyl H —F (position 3)

c2-28 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3)

c2-29 H phenyl H H

c2-30 H phenyl —CH₃ H

c2-31 H phenyl H —F (position 3)

c2-32 H phenyl —CH₃ —F (position 3)

c2-33 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H H c2-34 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H H c2-35 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3) H c2-36 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3) H c2-37 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H

c2-38 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H

c2-39 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

c2-40 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

c2-41 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H

c2-42 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H

c2-43 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

c2-44 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

c2-45 —CH₃ —CH₃ H H

c2-46 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ H

c2-47 —CH₃ —CH₃ H —F (position 3)

c2-48 —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —F (position 3)

Compound Preparation

A compound of the present invention such as those of Formulae (I), (I-a), and (I-b) can be prepared according to the schemes described below, but it shall be appreciated that modifications of the illustrated process or other processes can also be used.

Unless otherwise specified, the starting materials and intermediates of the invention such as compounds 1, 2 and 5 are either commercially available or readily prepared by synthetic modifications of the commercially available compounds, using methods known in the literature to those skilled in the art.

wherein Cy, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, m, and n are as defined above, and Y¹ is alkyl or H.

To Compound 1 in dimethylformamide (DMF) is added 2-(1H-7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl uronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), Compound 2, and diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA). The reaction mixture is stirred, diluted with water and acetonitrile, purified by preparative high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and lyophilized, yielding Compound 3.

To Compound 3 in ethanol (EtOH) is added sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The reaction mixture is stirred, concentrated, neutralized with hydrochloric acid (HCl), and extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc). The combined organic fractions are then washed with brine and dried over magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄). Filtration and concentration yields Compound 4, which can be used for the next step without purification.

wherein R⁶ and R⁷ are as defined above.

To Compound 4 in DMF is added HATU, Compound 5, and DIPEA. The reaction mixture is stirred, diluted with water and acetonitrile, directly purified by preparative HPLC, and lyophilized to yield a compound of Formula (I). Determining the suitability of the method (and any necessary routine adaptations) or making a particular intermediate is generally within the skill of those in the art after reading this patent.

The compounds of the present invention inhibit HDAC and are useful to treat or ameliorate diseases mediated directly or indirectly by HDAC. Therefore, another aspect of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of one or more compounds as described above.

In one embodiment of the invention, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising, in addition to one or more compounds described herein, at least one pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or carrier. The composition can take any suitable form for the desired route of administration. Where the composition is to be administered orally, any suitable orally deliverable dosage form can be used, including without limitation tablets, capsules (solid- or liquid-filled), powders, granules, syrups and other liquids, elixirs, inhalants, troches, lozenges, and solutions. Injectable compositions or i.v. infusions are also provided in the form of solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.

A pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may contain one or more additional therapeutic agents, for example, to increase the efficacy or decrease the side effects. In some embodiments, accordingly, a pharmaceutical composition further contains one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from active ingredients useful to treat or inhibit diseases mediated directly or indirectly by HDAC. Examples of such active ingredients are, without limitation, agents to treat or inhibit cancer, Huntington's disease, cystic fibrosis, liver fibrosis, renal fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, skin fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure or Alzheimer's disease.

In an embodiment, an additional therapeutic agent to be included is an anti-cancer agent. Examples of an anti-cancer agent include, but are not limited to, alkylating agents such as cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, and cisplatin; antimetabolites such as methotrexate, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, fluorouracil, and cytarabine; plant alkaloids such as vinblastine, and paclitaxel; antitumor antibiotics such as doxorubicin, bleomycin, and mitomycin; hoiniones/antihormones such as prednisone, tamoxifen, and flutamide; other types of anticancer agents such as asparaginase, rituximab, trastuzumab, imatinib, retinoic acid and derivatives, colony-stimulating factors, amifostine, camptothecin, topotecan, thalidomide analogs such as lenalidomide, CDK inhibitor and other HDAC inhibitors such as histone deacetylase 1 inhibitors, histone deacetylase 2 inhibitors, histone deacetylase 3 inhibitors, histone deacetylase 4 inhibitors, histone deacetylase 5 inhibitors, histone deacetylase 6 inhibitors, histone deacetylase 7 inhibitors, histone deacetylase 8 inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, histone deacetylase 10 inhibitors, and histone deacetylase 11 inhibitors.

Yet another aspect of the present invention is to provide a method of inhibiting or treating diseases arising from abnormal cell proliferation and/or differentiation in animal, comprising administering to said animal a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds according to the present invention. In one embodiment, the method of inhibiting or treating disease comprises administering to an animal a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more compounds of the invention and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. The composition to be administered may further contain a therapeutic agent such as anti-cancer agent.

A method of the present invention is particularly suitable for use with humans, but may be used with other animals, particularly mammals, such as, for example, non-human primates, companion animals, farm animals, laboratory animals, and wild and zoo animals.

A method of the present invention is particularly useful to treat diseases mediated directly or indirectly by HDAC since the compounds of the present invention have inhibitory activity against those molecules. In some embodiments, therefore, a method of the present invention is used in inhibiting or treating HDAC-mediated diseases. Examples of such disease include, but are not limited to, cell proliferative diseases such as cancer, autosomal dominant disorders such as Huntington's disease, genetic related metabolic disorder such as cystic fibrosis, fibrosis such as liver fibrosis, renal fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis and skin fibrosis, autoimmune diseases such as Rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, acute and chronic neurological diseases such as stroke, hypertrophy such as cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure including congestive heart failure, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.

In an embodiment, a method according to the present invention is applied to a patient with cancer, cystic fibrosis, renal fibrosis or pulmonary fibrosis. In some embodiments, a method using a compound according to the present invention is used to treat or inhibit a cancer selected from bladder cancer, breast cancer, colon and rectal cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney (renal cell) cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, melanoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer (non-melanoma), and thyroid cancer.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are merely illustrative, and do not limit this disclosure in any way.

Example 1 N-(2-Amino-phenyl)-4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-propionylamino)-benzamide

To the 2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-propanoic acid (200 mg, 1.4 mmol) in DMF (10 mL), was added HATU (586 mg, 1.5 mmol), 4-amino-benzoic acid ethyl ester (231 mg, 1.4 mmol) and DIPEA (0.5 mL, 2.8 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours, diluted with water and acetonitrile, purified by preparative HPLC, and lyophilized to give ethyl 4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzoate.

To the above ester (207 mg, 0.713 mmol) in ethanol (7 mL) was added 1 N NaOH (7 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated, neutralized with 1N HCl and extracted thrice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were then washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give the acid which was used for the next step without purification.

To the above acid (71 mg, 0.27 mmol) in DMF (3 mL), was added HATU (154 mg, 0.41 mmol), 1,2-phenylenediamine (59 mg, 0.54 mmol) and DIPEA (0.15 mL, 2.8 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethylacetate, washed with 1N HCl and water. The organic layer was then concentrated and diluted with water and acetonitrile and directly purified by preparative HPLC, and lyophilized to give the title compound. C₂₀H₂₄N₄O₂ 352.9 (M+1). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.12 (s, 1H); 9.68 (s, 1H); 8.08 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.91 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.29 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 7.09 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 6.91 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 6.74 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H); 5.00 (brs, 1H); 3.45 (m, 1H); 2.82 (m, 4H); 1.87 (m, 4H); 1.44 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 2 N-(2-Amino-5-(4-fluorophenyl)phenyl)-4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

To the 2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-propanoic acid (508 mg, 3.55 mmol) in DMF (10 mL), was added HATU (1.62 g, 4.26 mmol), 4-Amino-benzoic acid ethyl ester (645 mg, 3.90 mmol) and NMM (1.2 mL, 10.65 mmol) and stirred at 50° C. for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL) and washed with 1 N HCl, saturated NaHCO₃, water, brine and dried over MgSO₄. Filtration and concentration gave ethyl 4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzoate.

To the crude ester in ethanol (7 mL) was added 1 N NaOH (7 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 14 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated, neutralized with 1N HCl and extracted thrice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were then washed with brine and dried over MgSO₄. Filtration and concentration gave the acid which was used for the next step without purification.

To the acid (200 mg, 0.76 mmol) in DMF (5 mL), was added HATU (433 mg, 1.52 mmol), (3-amino-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (459 mg, 1.52 mmol) and NMM (0.25 mL, 2.28 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 48 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and acetonitrile, directly purified by preparative HPLC, and lyophilized to give {4′-fluoro-3-[4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylpropionylamino)benzoylamino]-biphenyl-4-yl}carbamic acid tert-butyl ester.

To the BOC-protected compound was added 4.0 M HCl dioxane and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then concentrated and diluted with water and acetonitrile, directly purified by preparative HPLC, and lyophilized to give the title compound. C₂₆H₂₇N₄O₂F 447.1 (M+1). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.27 (s, 1H); 9.62 (s, 1H); 7.97 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.75 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.56-7.45 (m, 3H); 7.28-7.18 (m, 3H); 6.84 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.05 (brs, 2H); 3.30 (m, 1H); 2.91-2.86 (m, 4H); 1.79 (m, 4H); 1.38 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 3 N-(2-Amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 2 was followed to obtain the title compound using (2-amino-4-thiophen-2-yl-phenyl)carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. C₂₄H₂₆N₄O₂S 435.1 (M+1). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.93 (s, 1H); 9.58 (s, 1H); 7.91 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.73 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.40-7.17 (m, 4H); 6.99-6.97 (m, 1H); 6.75 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.05 (brs, 2H); 3.09 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 1H); 2.57-2.43 (m, 4H); 1.67 (m, 4H); 1.24 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 4 N-(2-Aminophenyl)-4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 1 was followed to obtain the title compound using 2-(2)-oxopyrrolidin-1-ylpropanoic acid and 1,2-phenylenediamine. C₂₀H₂₂N₄O₃ 367.1 (M+1). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.25 (s, 1H); 9.54 (s, 1H); 7.94 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.72 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.13 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 6.94 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 6.75 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H); 6.57 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H); 4.71 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 3.57-3.41 (m, 2H); 2.26 (m, 2H); 1.98-1.91 (m, 2H); 1.36 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 5 N-(2-Amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 2 was followed to obtain the title compound using 2-(2)-oxopyrrolidin-1-ylpropanoic acid and (2-amino-4-thiophen-2-yl-phenyl)carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. C₂₄H₂₄N₄O₃S 448.8 (M+1). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.21 (s, 1H); 9.59 (s, 1H); 7.92 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.67 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.40-7.17 (m, 4H); 6.99 (m, 1H); 6.75 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.07 (brs, 2H); 4.68 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 3.54 (m, 1H); 3.36 (m, 1H); 2.23 (m, 2H); 1.86 (m, 2H); 1.33 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 6 N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-(2-morpholino-2-phenylacetamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 1 was followed to obtain the title compound using 2-morpholino-2-phenylacetic acid and 1,2-phenylenediamine. C₂₅H₂₆N₄O₃ 431.2 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.33 (s, 1H); 9.53 (s, 1H); 7.89 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.71 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.51 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 7.36-7.10 (m, 3H); 7.12 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 6.94 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 6.75 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H); 6.55 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H); 4.02 (s, 1H); 3.60 (m, 4H); 2.37 (m, 4H).

Example 7 N-(2-Amino-5-(4-fluorophenyl)phenyl)-4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 2 was followed to obtain the title compound using 2-(2)-oxopyrrolidin-1-ylpropanoic acid and 3-amino-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylcarbamic acid tert-butyl ester. C₂₆H₂₅N₄O₃F 460.9 (M+1). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.24 (s, 1H); 9.60 (s, 1H); 7.95 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.70 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.56-7.45 (m, 2H); 7.27-7.15 (m, 3H); 6.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.04 (brs, 2H); 4.72 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 3.57 (m, 1H); 3.42 (m, 1H); 2.26 (m, 2H); 1.96 (m, 2H); 1.36 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 8 N-(2-Amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(2-morpholinopropanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 2 was followed to obtain the title compound using 2-morpholinopropanoic acid and 2-amino-4-thiophen-2-yl-phenylcarbamic acid tert-butyl ester. C₂₄H₂₆N₄O₃S 450.8 (M+1). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.63 (s, 1H); 7.97 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.75 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.44-7.20 (m, 4H); 7.02 (m, 1H); 6.79 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 3.65 (m, 5H); 2.75 (m, 4H); 126 (m, 3H).

Example 9 N-(2-Amino-5-(4-fluorophenyl)phenyl)phenyl)-4-(2-morpholinopropanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 2 was followed to obtain the title compound using 2-morpholinopropanoic acid and (5)-p-fluorophenyl-1,2-phenylenediamine C₂₆H₂₇N₄O₃F 450.8 (M+1). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 11.29 (s, 10.19 (s, 1H); 8.09 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.79 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.66-7.61 (m, 3H); 7.44 (m, 1H); 7.26 (m, 3H); 4.24-3.74 (m, 5H); 3.35 (m, 4H); 1.57 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

Example 10 N-(2-Amino-5-(4-fluorophenyl)phenyl)-4-(2-methyl-2-morpholinopropanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 2 was followed to obtain the title compound using 2-methyl-2-morpholinopropanoic acid and (3-amino-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. C₂₇H₂₉N₄O₃F 476.9 (M+1). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.67 (s, 1H); 10.24 (s, 1H); 8.09 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.85 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.68-7.62 (m, 3H); 7.46 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 7.276 (m, 3H); 3.96-3.42 (m, 8H); 1.71 (s, 6H).

Example 11 N-(2-Amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-3-fluoro-4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 2 was followed to obtain the title compound using ethyl-4-amino-3-fluorobenzoate, 2-(2)-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl-propanoic acid and 2-amino-4-thiophen-2-yl-phenylcarbamic acid tert-butyl ester. C₂₄H₂₃FN₄O₃S 466.9 (M+1). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.96 (s, 1H); 9.70 (s, 1H); 7.98-7.79 (m, 3H); 7.41 (s, 1H); 7.32-7.20 (m, 3H); 7.01 (m, 1H); 6.78 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H); 5.15 (brs, 2H); 4.84 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 3.53-3.43 (m, 2H); 2.26-2.22 (m, 2H); 1.96-1.91 (m, 2H); 1.36 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 12 N-(2-Amino-5-(5-chlorothiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 2 was followed to obtain the title compound using 2-(2)-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl-propanoic acid and 2-amino-4-(5-chloro-thiophen-2-yl)phenyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. C₂₆H₂₃ClN₄O₃S 482.9 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.24 (s, 1H); 9.61 (s, 1H); 7.94 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.70 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.37 (m, 1H); 7.21 (m, 1H); 7.08 (m, 2H); 6.78 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.18 (brs, 2H); 4.70 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 3.55 (m, 1H); 3.51 (m, 1H); 2.24 (m, 2H); 1.96 (m, 2H); 1.36 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 13 N-(2-Aminophenyl)-4-(2-(4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1yl)propanamido)benzamide

To a solution of 1-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrid-2-yl]piperazine (2.00 g, 8.65 mmol) in ethanol (25 mL) and DIPEA (3.3 mL, 19.0 mmol) was added ethyl 2-bromopropionate (1.20 mL, 9.51 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated to 70° C. After 14 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel with elution using 50% ethyl acetate/hexanes to give 2-[4-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]propionic acid ethyl ester.

The above ester (416 mgs) was then treated with 1 N HCl and heated in a sealed tube at 100° C. After 48 hours the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated to give an acid which was used for next step without purification.

To the above acid (230 mg, 0.610 mmol) in DMF (2 mL), was added HATU (232 mg, 0.610 mmol), 2-(4-amino-benzoylamino)-phenylcarbamic acid tert-butyl ester (154 mgs, 0.471 mmol) and NMM (0.300 mL, 2.36 mmol). The reaction mixture stirred at 50° C. for 16 hours and diluted with water and acetonitrile. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with water, and dried to give [2-(4-{2-[4-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-propionylamino}-benzoylamino)-phenyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester.

To this BOC-protected compound was added 4.0 M HCl dioxane and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then concentrated, diluted with water and acetonitrile, directly purified by preparative HPLC, and lyophilized to give the title compound. C₂₆H₂₇N₆O₂F₃ 512.89 (M+1). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.03 (s, 1H); 9.50 (s, 1H); 8.33 (s, 1H); 7.90 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.72 (m, 3H); 7.09 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 6.91 (m, 2H); 6.72 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 6.54 (m, 1H); 4.80 (brs, 2H); 3.62 (m, 4H); 3.35 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 3H); 2.62 (m, 4H); 1.17 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

Example 14 N-(4-Amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-(2-(4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 13 was followed to obtain the title compound using (3-amino-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. C₃₂H₃₀N₆O₂F₄ 606.92 (M+1). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.07 (s, 1H); 9.61 (s, 1H); 8.37 (s, 1H); 7.96 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.77 (m, 3H); 7.56 (m, 3H); 7.27-7.15 (m, 3H); 6.93-6.81 (m, 2H); 5.04 (brs, 2H); 3.67 (m, 4H); 3.34 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 3H); 2.66 (m, 4H); 1.21 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

Example 15 N-(4-Amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-3-fluoro-4-[2-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-propionylamino]-benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 2 was followed to obtain the title compound using 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanoic acid and tert-butyl 3-(4-amino-3-fluorobenzamido)-4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylcarbamate. C₂₆H₂₄F₂N₄O₃ 478.9 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.32 (s, 1H); 10.02 (s, 1H); 8.03-7.87 (m, 3H); 7.68-7.63 (m, 3H); 7.51-7.49 (m, 1H); 7.49-7.23 (m, 3H); 4.86 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 3.54-3.42 (m, 2H); 2.26-2.22 (m, 2H); 1.97-1.92 (m, 2H); 1.37 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 16 N-(4-Amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-(2-methyl-2-(piperazin-1-yl)-propanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 2 was followed to obtain the title compound using 4-(1-Carboxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester [3-(4-Amino-benzoylamino)-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. C₂₇H₃₀FN₅O₂ 475.9 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.38 (s, 1H); 9.90 (brs, 1H); 9.09 (brs, 1H); 8.10 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.85 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.76 (s, 1H); 7.68-7.64 (m, 2H); 7.54-7.25 (m, 3H); 3.70 (m, 4H); 3.23 (m, 4H); 1.23 (s, 6H).

Example 17 N-(4-Amino-4′,6-difluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

To 2-(2)-oxopyrrolidin-1-ylpropanoic acid (0.95 g, 6.04 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added HATU (3.2 g, 8.5 mmol), tert-butyl 4-aminobenzoate (1.2 g, 2.12 mmol) and NMM (1.4 mL, 13.30 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 55° C. for 2 hours and then diluted with Acetonitrile/water (2:1, 30 mL) and the resulting solid was stirred and filtered and washed with water and dried to give tert-butyl 4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzoate which was used for the next step with out purification.

To the above ester in DCM (26 mL) was added TFA (8.7 mL) and stirred at room temperature. After 3 hours, the reaction mixture was concentrated and treated with Et₂O. The solid formed was then filtered and washed with ether and dried to give 4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzoic acid.

To the above acid (414 mgs, 1.5 mmol) in DMF (2 mL), was added HATU (495 mg, 1.53 mmol), tert-butyl 5-amino-2,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-ylcarbamate (320 mg, 1.00 mmol) and NMM (0.2 mL, 2.0 mmol) and stirred at 55° C. for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was then diluted with water and acetonitrile and the precipitate formed was then filtered, washed with water and dried. The solid was then purified by column chromatography on silica gel with elution using 80% ethyl acetate/hexanes to give tert-butyl 2,4′-difluoro-5-(4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamido)biphenyl-4-ylcarbamate.

To the above bis-BOC protected compound, 4.0 M HCl dioxane (10 mL) was added and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then diluted with Et₂O and stirred. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with ether, and diluted with water and acetonitrile and purified by preparative HPLC, and lyophilized to give the title compound. C₂₆H₂₄F₂N₄O₃ 479.0 (M+1). NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.19 (s, 1H); 9.52 (s, 1H); 7.91 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.66 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.43-7.40 (m, 2H); 7.23-7.17 (m, 3H); 6.59 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H); 5.30 (s, 2H); 4.68 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 3.54-3.37 (m, 2H); 2.22-2.18 (m, 2H); 1.94-1.87 (m, 2H); 1.32 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 18 N-(2-amino-5-fluorophenyl)-4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

To the 4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzoic acid (210 mgs, 0.76 mmol) in DMF (2 mL), was added HATU (375 mg, 0.99 mmol), tert-butyl 2-amino-4-fluorophenylcarbamate (172 mg, 0.76 mmol) and NMM (0.3 mL, 2.3 mmol) and stirred at 55° C. for 40 hours. The reaction mixture was then diluted with water and acetonitrile and the precipitate formed was then filtered, washed with water and dried. The solid was then purified by column chromatography on silica gel with elution using 80% ethyl acetate/hexanes to give tert-butyl 4-fluoro-2-(4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamido)phenylcarbamate.

To the above bis-BOC protected compound, 4.0 M HCl dioxane (7 mL) was added and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then diluted with ether and stirred. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with ether, and diluted with 1N HCl and acetonitrile and lyophilized to give the title compound. C₂₀H₂₁FN₄O₃ 384.9 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.50 (s, 1H); 10.39 (s, 1H); 8.08 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H); 7.77-7.73 (m, 2H); 7.50-7.47 (m, 2H); 7.19-7.14 (m, 1H); 4.68 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 3.57-3.52 (m, 1H); 3.45-3.41 (n, 1H); 2.25-2.21 (m, 2H); 1.97-1.87 (m, 2H); 1.37 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 19 N-(2-amino-4,6-difluorophenyl)-4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 2 was followed to obtain the title compound using tert-butyl 2-amino-3,5-difluorophenylcarbamate. C₂₀H₂₀F₂N₄O₃ 402.9 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.30 (s, 1H); 9.37 (s, 1H); 7.94 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.70 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 6.37-6.32 (m, 2H); 4.71 (brs, NH); 4.71 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 3.57-3.51 (m, 1H); 3.44-3.39 (m, 1H); 2.25-2.21 (m, 2H); 1.97-1.89 (m, 2H); 1.36 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 20 N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamido)benzamide

To the 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetic acid (186 mgs, 1.3 mmol) in DMF (3 mL), was added HATU (570 mg, 1.5 mmol), tert-butyl 3-(4-aminobenzamido)-4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylcarbamate (421 mg, 1.0 mmol) and NMM (0.3 mL, 3.0 mmol) and stirred at 55° C. for 40 hours. The reaction mixture was then diluted with water and acetonitrile and the precipitate was filtered, washed with water and dried and used further without purification. To the above BOC protected compound, 4.0 M HCl dioxane (7 mL) was added and stirred at room temperature for 2 hour. The reaction mixture was then diluted with ether and stirred. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with ether and dried to give the title compound. C₂₅H₂₃FN₄O₃ 446.9 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.60 (s, 2H); 8.12 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.86 (s, 1H); 7.75 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.73-7.68 (m, 2H); 7.61-7.56 (m, 2H); 7.31 (m, 2H); 4.07 (s, 2H); 3.43-3.40 (m, 2H); 3.44-3.39 (m, 1H); 2.24-2.22 (m, 2H); 1.98-1.92 (m, 2H).

Example 21 N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-(2-methyl-2-(4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

To a solution of 1-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrid-2-yl]piperazine (554 mgs, 2.4 mmol) in CH₃CN (5 mL) and K₂CO₃ (1.1 g, 8.0 mmol) was added benzyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate (512 mgs, 2.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated to 80° C. After 14 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc, stirred and filtered. The filtrate was then concentrated and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel with elution using 3% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ to give Benzyl 2-methyl-2-(4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)propanoate.

To the above Benzyl ester (381 mgs) in EtOAc (6 mL) was added 1,4-cyclohexadiene (1.0 mL) and 10% Pd/C (100 mgs) and the reaction mixture was heated in microwave (Biotage) at 100° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was then diluted with EtOAc and MeOH, filtered and concentrated to give 2-methyl-2-(4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)propanoic acid which was used further without purification.

To the above acid (220 mgs, 0.69 mmol) in DMF (2 mL), was added HATU (396 mg, 1.04 mmol), tert-butyl 2-(4-aminobenzamido)phenylcarbamate (227 mg, 0.69 mmol) and NMM (0.23 mL, 2.08 mmol) and stirred at 55° C. for 40 hours. The reaction mixture was then diluted with water and acetonitrile and the precipitate was filtered, washed with water and dried. The solid was then purified by column chromatography on silica gel with elution using 60% ethyl acetate/hexanes to give tert-butyl 2-(4-(2-methyl-2-(4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamido)phenylcarbamate.

To the above BOC protected compound, 4.0 M HCl dioxane (5 mL) was added and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then diluted with ether and stirred. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with ether, and diluted with 1N HCl and acetonitrile and lyophilized to give the title compound. C₂₇H₂₉F₃N₆O₂ 527.1 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.85 (brs, 2H); 10.54 (s, 1H); 8.45 (s, 1H); 8.14 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.90-7.86 (m, 3H); 7.60-7.29 (m, 4H); 7.05 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H); 4.58-4.55 (m, 4H); 3.63-3.51 (m, 4H); 1.74 (s, 6H).

Example 22 N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-(2-(4-cyclopropylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpropanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 21 was followed to obtain the title compound using 1-cyclopropylpiperazine and tert-butyl 3-(4-aminobenzamido)-4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylcarbamate instead of 1-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrid-2-yl]piperazine and tert-butyl 2-(4-aminobenzamido)phenylcarbamate. C₃₀H₃₄FN₅O₂ 516.1 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.70 (brs, 1H); 10.34 (s, 1H); 9.89 (brs, 1H); 8.45 (s, 1H); 8.10 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.75-7.64 (m, 2H); 7.51-7.26 (m, 5H); 3.61 (m, 4H); 2.77 (m, 4H); 2.63 (m, 1H); 1.23 (s, 6H); 1.09 (m, 2H); 0.76 (m, 2H).

Example 23 N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-(2-methyl-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

To a solution of methyl α-aminoisobutyrate hydrochloride (1.25 g, 8.1 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) and pyridine (2.6 mL, 32.4 mmol), 4-chlorobutyryl chloride (1.0 mL, 8.9 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added slowly at 0° C. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed to room temperature and stirred for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (30 mL), and quenched with saturated NaHCO₃ (30 mL). The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted twice with DCM. The combined organic layers were then washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated and was used further without purification.

The intermediate from above in dry THF (15 mL) was added to a suspension of NaH (454 mgs, 11.34 mmol) in dry THF (5 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was then quenched with 3N NaOH (13.5 mL) and stirred at rt. After 12 hours, the reaction mixture was concentrated, diluted with water and neutralized with 6 N HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted twice with EtOAc and the combined organic layers were then washed with and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give the acid which required no further purification.

To the above acid (171 mgs, 0.69 mmol) in DMF (2 mL), was added HATU (468 mg, 1.23 mmol), tert-butyl 3-(4-aminobenzamido)-4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylcarbamate (324 mg, 0.77 mmol) and NMM (0.4 mL, 3.85 mmol) and stirred at 55° C. for 40 hours. The reaction mixture was then diluted with water and acetonitrile and the precipitate was filtered, washed with water and dried. The solid was then purified by column chromatography on silica gel with elution using 80% ethyl acetate/hexanes to give tert-butyl-4′-fluoro-3-(4-(2-methyl-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1 yl)propanamido)benzamido)biphenyl-4-ylcarbamate.

To the above BOC protected compound, 4.0 M HCl dioxane (12 mL) was added and stirred at room temperature for 2 hour. The reaction mixture was then diluted with ether and stirred. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with ether, and diluted with water and acetonitrile purified by preparative HPLC, and lyophilized to give the title compound. C₂₇H₂₇EN₄O₃ 474.9 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.61 (s, 1H); 9.43 (s, 1H); 7.94 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.70 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.56-7.53 (m, 2H); 7.46 (s, 1H); 7.27-7.17 (m, 3H); 6.84 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 5.04 (brs, 2H); 3.49-3.44 (m, 2H); 2.21-2.17 (m, 2H); 1.99-1.97 (m, 2H); 1.36 (s, 6H).

Example 24 N-(2-amino-5-(cyclopropylethynyl)phenyl)-4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 2 was followed to obtain the title compound using tert-butyl 2-amino-4-(cyclopropylethynyl)phenylcarbamate. C₂₅H₂₆N₄O₃ 430.9 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.23 (s, 1H); 9.46 (s, 1H); 7.91 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.68 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.14 (s, 1H); 6.93 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H); 6.65 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H); 5.18 (s, 2H); 4.68 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 3.55-3.53 (m, 1H); 3.43-3.41 (m, 1H); 2.24-2.22 (m, 2H); 1.92-1.90 (m, 2H); 1.35 (m, 1H); 1.33 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); 0.79-0.76 (m, 2H); 0.63-0.60 (m, 2H).

Example 25 N-(2-amino-5-(phenylethynyl)phenyl)-4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 2 was followed to obtain the title compound using tert-butyl 2-amino-4-(phenylethynyl)phenylcarbamate. C₂₈H₂₆N₄O₃ 466.9 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.23 (s, 1H); 9.50 (s, 1H); 7.91 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.67 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.42-7.28 (m, 6H); 7.10-7.08 (m, 1H); 6.72 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H); 5.40 (brs, 2H); 4.66 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 3.54-3.50 (m, 1H); 3.42-3.37 (m, 1H); 2.23-2.19 (m, 2H); 1.95-1.87 (m, 2H); 1.32 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 26 (S)—N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-(3,3-dimethyl-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 23 was followed to obtain the title compound using (S)-methyl 2-amino-3,3-dimethylbutanoate hydrochloride and tert-butyl 2-(4-aminobenzamido)phenylcarbamate instead of methyl α-aminoisobutyrate hydrochloride and tert-butyl 3-(4-aminobenzamido)-4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylcarbamate. C₂₃H₂₈N₄O₃ 408.9 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.46 (s, 1H); 9.54 (s, 1H); 7.92 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.71 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.12 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 6.95-6.91 (m, 1H); 6.75-6.73 (m, 1H); 6.58-6.53 (m, 1H); 4.84 (brs, 2H); 4.64 (s, 1H); 3.75-3.65 (m, 2H); 2.27-2.22 (m, 2H); 1.90-1.88 (m, 2H); 1.00 (s, 9H).

Example 27 (S)—N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-(3,3-dimethyl-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 23 was followed to obtain the title compound using (S)-methyl 2-amino-3,3-dimethylbutanoate hydrochloride and tert-butyl 3-(4-aminobenzamido)-4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylcarbamate. C₂₉H₃₁N₄O₃F 503.0 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.47 (s, 1H); 9.62 (s, 1H); 7.94 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.73 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.56-7.52 (m, 2H); 7.45 (s, 1H); 7.27-7.17 (m, 3H); 6.83 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 5.05 (brs, 2H); 4.65 (s, 1H); 3.77-3.63 (m, 2H); 2.27-2.22 (m, 2H); 1.92-1.88 (m, 2H); 1.00 (s, 9H).

Example 28 N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-(2-morpholinoacetamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 20 was followed to obtain the title compound using 2-morpholinoacetic acid instead of 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetic acid. C₂₅H₂₅FN₄O₃ 449.1 (M+1), ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.97 (s, 1H); 9.62 (s, 1H); 7.93 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.75 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.56-7.52 (m, 2H); 7.44 (s, 1H); 7.27-7.17 (m, 3H); 6.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.05 (s, 2H); 3.62-3.60 (m, 4H); 3.29 (m, 4H); 3.14 (s, 2H).

Example 29 N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-(2-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)acetamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 20 was followed to obtain the title compound using 2-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid instead of 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetic acid. C₂₇H₃₀FN₅O₂ 476.2 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.93 (s, 1H); 9.62 (s, 1H); 7.95 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.74 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.56-7.52 (m, 2H); 7.45 (s, 1H); 7.27-7.17 (m, 3H); 6.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.05 (s, 2H); 3.13 (s, 2H); 2.52-2.36 (m, 10H); 1.00 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 30 N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-(2-(2-oxopiperidin-1-yl)acetamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 20 was followed to obtain the title compound using 2-(2-oxopiperidin-1-yl)acetic acid instead of 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetic acid. C₂₆H₂₅FN40₃ 461.0 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.27 (s, 1H); 9.62 (s, 1H); 7.95 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.68 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.56-7.52 (m, 2H); 7.44 (s, 1H); 7.27-7.17 (m, 3H); 6.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.05 (s, 2H); 4.09 (s, 2H); 3.34 (m, 2H); 2.29 (m, 2H); 1.73 (m, 4H).

Example 31 N-(4′-fluoro-4-(prop-2-ynylamino)biphenyl-3-yl)-4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 2 was followed to obtain the title compound using 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanoic acid and tert-butyl 3-(4-aminobenzamido)-4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl(prop-2-ynyl)carbamate. C₂₉H₂₇N₄O₂F 499.1 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.20 (s, 1H); 9.57 (s, 1H); 7.94 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.67 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.56-7.54 (m, 2H); 7.42 (s, 1H); 7.39-7.37 (m, 1H); 7.17 (m, 2H); 6.82 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.62 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H); 4.68 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 3.91(dd, J=5.6 Hz, 2.0 Hz, 2H); 3.54-3.52 (m, 1H); 3.42-3.36 (m, 1H); 3.04 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H); 2.23-2.19 (m, 2H); 1.95-1.87 (m, 2H); 1.33 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 32 N-(4′-fluoro-4-(2-methoxyethylamino)biphenyl-3-yl)-4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 2 was followed to obtain the title compound using 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanoic acid and tert-butyl 3-(4-aminobenzamido)-4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl(2-methoxyethyl)carbamate. C₂₉H₃₁N₄O₄F 519.0 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.32 (s, 1H); 9.91 (s, 1H); 7.99 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.73 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.62-7.58 (m, 2H); 7.54 (s, 1H); 7.47-7.44 (m, 1H); 7.23(m, 2H); 7.01 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.01 (brs, NH); 4.72 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 3.55-3.28 (m, 6H); 3.21(s, 3H); 2.26-2.22 (m, 2H); 1.96-1.91 (m, 2H); 1.36 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 33 N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-3-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 2 was followed to obtain the title compound using 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanoic acid and ten-butyl 3-(3-aminobenzamido)-4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylcarbamate. C₂₆H₂₅N₄O₃F 460.9 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.33 (s, 1H); 10.22 (s, 1H); 8.24 (s, 1H); 7.80-7.77 (m, 2H); 7.69-7.64 (m, 3H); 7.53-7.43 (m, 2H); 7.32-7.24 (m, 3H); 4.69 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 3.55 (m, 1H); 3.43 (m, 1H); 2.25-2.23 (m, 2H); 1.96-1.91 (m, 2H); 1.36 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 34 (R)—N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide and (S)—N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

The enantiomers of Example 7 were separated by chiral preparative HPLC using Chiralcel OD-H with Acetonitrile as the mobile phase.

Chiralcel OD-H Retention time: 11.72 min: C₂₆H₂₅N₄O₃F 460.9 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.23 (s, 1H); 9.61 (s, 1H); 7.95 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.70 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.56-7.52 (m, 2H); 7.45 (s, 1H); 7.27-7.17 (m, 3H); 6.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.04 (s, 2H); 4.70 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 3.55 (m, 1H); 3.42 (m, 1H); 2.26-2.22 (m, 2H); 1.96-1.91 (m, 2H); 1.36 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Chiralcel OD-H Retention time: 9.12 min: C₂₆H₂₅N₄O₃F 460.9 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.23 (s, 1H); 9.61 (s, 1H); 7.95 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.70 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.56-7.52 (m, 2H); 7.45 (s, 1H); 7.27-7.17 (m, 3H); 6.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.04 (s, 2H); 4.70 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 3.55 (m, 1H); 3.42 (m, 1H); 2.26-2.22 (m, 2H); 1.96-1.91 (m, 2H); 1.36 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 35 N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-(N-methyl-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

To 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanoic acid (942 mgs, 6.0 mmol) in DMF (8 mL), was added HATU (2.4 g, 6.4 mmol), 4-Amino-benzoic acid methyl ester (660 mg, 4.0 mmol) and NMM (1.8 mL, 16.0 mmol) and stirred at 55° C. for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL) and washed with 1 N HCl, saturated NaHCO₃, water, brine and dried over MgSO₄. Filtration and concentration gave methyl 4-(N-methyl-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzoate.

To the crude ester in methanol (6 mL) was added 3 N NaOH (6.5 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated, diluted with water and washed twice with ether and the aqueous layer was neutralized with 1N HCl and extracted thrice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were then washed with brine and dried over MgSO₄. Filtration and concentration gave the acid which was used for the next step without purification.

To the above acid (325 mg, 1.12 mmol) in DMF (3 mL), was added HATU (639 mg, 1.68 mmol), (3-amino-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (338 mg, 1.12 mmol) and NMM (0.6 mL, 5.6 mmol) and stirred at 55° C. for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was then diluted with water and acetonitrile and the precipitate was filtered, washed with water and dried. The solid was then purified by column chromatography on silica gel with elution using 60% ethyl acetate/hexanes to give tert-butyl 4′-fluoro-3-(4-(N-methyl-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamido)biphenyl-4-ylcarbamate.

To the above BOC protected compound in DCM (4 mL), TFA (0.4 mL) was added and stirred at room temperature for 16 hour. The reaction mixture was then diluted with DCM and washed saturated NaHCO₃, water, brine and dried over MgSO₄. Filtration and concentration followed by preparative HPLC purification gave the title compound. C₂₇H₂₇N₄O₃F 475.1 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.72 (s, 1H); 8.01 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H); 7.53-7.43 (m, 5H); 7.25-7.14 (m, 3H); 6.81 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.05 (brs, 2H); 4.61 (m, 1H); 3.40 (m, 2H); 3.13 (s, 3H); 2.04 (m, 2H); 1.84-1.79 (m, 2H); 1.08 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 36 N-(3-amino-6-phenylpyridin-2-yl)-4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 2 was followed to obtain benzyl 2-(4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzamido)-6-phenylpyridin-3-ylcarbamate using 4-(2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamido)benzoic acid and benzyl 2-amino-6-phenylpyridin-3-ylcarbamate. The Cbz group was then deprotected under standard hydrogenation conditions to give the title compound. C₂₅H₂₅N₅O₃ 444.0 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.29 (s, 1H); 10.25 (s, 1H); 8.01 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.92 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.71 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.65 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 7.38-7.35 (m, 2H); 7.27-7.22 (m, 2H); 5.11 (s, 2H); 4.70 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 3.55 (m, 1H); 3.44 (m, 1H); 2.26-2.23 (m, 2H); 1.97-1.91 (m, 2H); 1.36 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

Example 37 Biological Assays

HDAC inhibitory activity of the compound of Example 1 was measured by an assay in which HDAC-1 or -3 were used as a target molecule. The test compound was suspended in and titrated in DMSO. It was then spotted into a 384-well test plate. The enzyme, HDAC-1 or -3, was diluted in assay buffer containing 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, and 0.01% Tween-20 and added to the pre-spotted compound. The enzyme/compound mix was incubated at room temperature for 2 hours. The peptide substrate containing a fluorophore/quencher pair was diluted in the same assay buffer and added to the compound/enzyme mix initiating the reaction. The reaction incubated at room temperature for about 45 minutes. A concentrated developer solution was diluted in the assay buffer, and added to the reaction. The reaction was incubated at room temperature for about 15 minutes and relative fluorescence was read on an instrument reader.

The following table shows IC₅₀ data for the compound tested with the protocols described above.

TABLE 1 IC₅₀ of HDAC inhibitor compound HDAC-1 HDAC-3 inhibitory activity inhibitory activity Compound (IC₅₀ [μM]) (IC₅₀ [μM]) Example 1 0.2010 — Example 2 0.0030 3.1100 Example 3 0.0030 2.1000 Example 4 0.0915 0.2997 Example 5 0.0016 1.0446 Example 6 0.0253 0.1436 Example 7 0.0027 1.5377 Example 8 0.0028 1.3545 Example 9 0.0047 3.0612 Example 10 0.0041 3.6257 Example 11 0.0019 1.0365 Example 12 0.0071 2.2293

The assay results with HDAC-1 and -3 substrates indicate that the compounds have inhibitory activity against HDAC enzymes and thus can be useful to treat or inhibit diseases caused by abnormal activities of HDAC.

All patents and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference into this application in their entirety. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound selected from those of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically accepted salts thereof:

wherein Cy is heterocyclyl containing at least one nitrogen ring atom, wherein Cy is optionally substituted with one or more R¹ where chemically feasible; m is an integer from 0 to the maximum number of substitutable positions on Cy; R¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of: (a) H, cyano, oxo, halo, nitro, hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, mercapto, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl and heteroaralkyl; and (b) R⁸—C(O)—X¹—, R⁸—O—C(O)—X¹— and R⁸—S(O)_(a)—X¹—, wherein X¹ is selected from the group consisting of a bond, —NH—, —NH—C₁₋₆ alkylene, —O—C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆ akenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylene, arylene, and heterocyclylene; R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of H, amino, hydroxy, alkyl, alkylamino, N,N-dialkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, and aryl; and a is 0, 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is optionally substituted with one or more A where such an optional substitution is chemically feasible; or when m is 2, the two R¹ groups can be substituted on the same carbon ring atom of Cy and together with the carbon ring atom of Cy form a ring situated on Cy in a spiro configuration, wherein the spiro ring is cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl; R² and R³ are independently selected from the group consisting of: (a) H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, and heteroaralkyl; and (b) R⁹—C(O)—X²—, R⁹—O—C(O)—X²— and R⁹—S(O)_(a)—X²—, wherein X² is selected from the group consisting of a bond, —CH₂—, —NH—C₁₋₆ alkylene, —O—C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆ akenylene, C₂₋₆alkynylene, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylene, arylene, and heterocyclylene; R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy, amino, alkyl, N-alkylamino, N,N-dialkylamino, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heterocyclyl; and a is 0, 1 or 2; wherein at least one of R² and R³ is a non-hydrogen substitution, and each R² and R³ is optionally substituted with one or more B where such an optional substitution is chemically feasible; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, alkylamino, alkylaminoalkyl, cycloalkylamino, heterocycloalkylamino, and arylamino, wherein R⁴ is optionally substituted with one or more selected from halo, oxo, hydroxyl, amino, alkylamino, carbamoyloxy, carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl where such an optional substitution is chemically feasible; R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, amino, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphaoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyl, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkylamino, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂ amino, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂ carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl-S(O)_(a) wherein a is 0, 1 or 2, NH₂—S(O)₂NH—, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)sulphamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂sulphamoyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl and aryl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from amino, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; o is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R⁷ is NH₂— or OH—; A is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, amino, carboxy, carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)amino, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ dialkyl)amino, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ dialkyl)carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl and R(R′)(R″)silyl wherein R, R′ and R″ are independently alkyl or aryl; and B is independently selected from the group consisting of oxo, halo, amino, hydroxyl, cyano, carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)amino, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ dialkyl)amino, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyl, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ dialkyl)carbamoyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkoxy, heterocyclyl, (heterocyclyl)C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, aryl, (aryl)C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, (heteroaryl)C₁₋₁₀ alkyl and R(R′)(R″)silyl wherein R, R′ and R″ are independently alkyl or aryl.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein Cy is 4-, 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein Cy is selected from the group consisting of pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl,


4. The compound of claim 1, wherein Cy is selected from the group consisting of


5. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² and R³ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, cyclobutyl, methyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, cyclopentylmethyl, trifluoromethyl, methylcyclopentylmethyl, methyltetrahydrofuranylmethyl, methylhydroxymethyl, hydroxymethyl, methylmethoxymethyl, pyridinylmethyl, phenyl, pyridinyl, benzyl, cyclopentenylmethyl, methylazetidinyl, imidazolylmethyl, cyclopropylmethylimidazolylmethyl, trifluoroethylimidazolylmethyl, trifluoromethylpyridinylmethyl, fluorophenylmethyl, methoxyphenylmethyl, difluoromethoxyphenylmethyl, carboxymethyl, cyanoethyl, aminocarbonylmethyl, N,N-methoxyethylaminocarbonylmethyl, hydroxycarbonylmethyl, pyrrolidinylaminocarbonylmethyl, tert-butoxycarbonylmethyl, isopropylaminocarbonylmethyl, cyclopropylmethylaminocarbonylmethyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl, pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, fluoromethylpropyl, hydroxymethylpropyl, methoxymethyl, (cyclopropylmethoxy)methyl, (trimethylsilyl)methyl, phenoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyloxymethyl, piperidinylcarbonyloxymethyl, dimethylureidomethyl, morpholinylcarbonylaminomethyl, isobutyramidomethyl, acetamidomethyl, cyclopropylacetamidomethyl, ethyloxycarbonylaminomethyl, cyclobutylcarbonylaminomethyl, methylthioethyl, methylsulfonylethyl, cyclopropylmethylthiomethyl, cyclopropylmethylsulfonylmethyl, phenylthioethyl, phenylsulfonylethyl, indolylmethyl, isopropylindolylmethyl, chlorophenylthioethyl, oxoimidazolidinylmethyl, N,S-dimethylsulfonylaminomethyl, thiophenyl, acetamidopyrrolidinylmethyl, acetylpiperazinylmethyl, oxopiperazinylmethyl, butenylmethyl, methylbutenyl, cyclopropylpropynyl, hydroxymethylpentynyl, pyridinylmethyl, methoxybenzyl, difluorobenzyl, hydroxyoxopyrrolidinylethyl, cyanobenzyl, acetamidobenzyl, N,N-dimethylaminomethylbenzyl, N,N-dimethylaminopyridinylmethyl, carbamoylbenzyl, cyclopropylsulfamoylmethyl, dimethylpiperidinylsulfonamidomethyl, benzylsulfamoylmethyl, pyridinylmethylsulfamoylmethyl, chlorophenylsulfamoylmethyl, pyrimidinylbenzyl,

wherein at least one of R² and R³ is a non-hydrogen substitution.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, trifluoroethyl, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl, pyrrolidinylethyl, benzyl, pyridinylmethyl, ethylpyridinylmethyl, acetylpiperazinylethyl, methylsulfonamidoethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxycarbonylaminoethyl, pyrazinylaminoethyl, chlorofluorobenzyl, trifluoromethylpyridinylmethyl, imidazolylethyl, imidazolylmethyl, methyldioxopiperidinylmethyl, dioxopyrrolidinylethyl, N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylethyl, morpholinocarbonylethyl, hydroxymethylpropyl, fluorophenyl, and tetrahydropyranyl.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁶ and R⁷ are selected to make any of the following substitutions on the phenyl ring attached to the -phenyl-C(O)—NH— linker:

wherein the wavy line is an attachment position to the -phenyl-C(O)—NH— linker.
 8. The compound of claim 1 selected from those of Formula (I-a) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and Q¹, Q², Q³ and Q⁴ are independently selected from group consisting of C, N, O and S ring atoms;
 9. The compound of claim 8, wherein each of Q¹, Q², Q³ and Q⁴ is carbon ring atom.
 10. The compound of claim 8, wherein R² is selected from H, methyl, methoxymethyl, and benzyl; and R³ is selected from cyclobutyl, dimethyl, isobutyl, cyclopentylmethyl, trifluoromethyl, (1-methylcyclopent-1-yl)methyl, (3-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methyl, hydroxypropyl, hydroxymethyl, methylmethoxymethyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, phenyl, pyridin-2-yl, benzyl, cyclopentenylmethyl, 1-methylazetidin-3-yl, imidazolylmethyl, cyclopropylmethylimidazolylmethyl, (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)imidazolylmethyl, (5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl, fluorobenzyl, methoxybenzyl, difluoromethoxybenzyl, carboxymethyl, cyanoethyl, carbamoylmethyl, N-(2-methoxyethyl)carbamoylmethyl, carboxymethyl, N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoylmethyl, 2-t-butanoylmethyl, N-isopropylcarbamoylmethyl, N-cyclopropylmethylcarbamoylmethyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl, pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, 2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, Methoxymethyl, (cyclopropylmethoxy)methyl, (trimethylsilyl)methyl, phenoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyloxymethyl, piperidin-1-ylcarbonyloxymethyl, N,N-dimethylureidomethyl, morpholin-4-ylcarbonylaminomethyl, isobutyramidomethyl, acetamidomethyl, (2-cyclopropylacetamido)methyl, ethyloxycarbonylaminomethyl, cyclobutylcarbonylaminomethyl, methylthioethyl, methylsulfonylethyl, cyclopropylmethylthiomethyl, cyclopropylmethylsulfonylmethyl, phenylthioethyl, phenylsulfonylethyl, indol-3-ylmethyl, isopropylindolylmethyl, 2-chlorophenylthioethyl, 2-oxoimidazolidin-1-ylmethyl, N,S-dimethylsulfonylaminomethyl, thiophen-2-yl, (3-acetamidopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl, (4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl, (3-oxopiperazin-1-yl)methyl, but-2-enylmethyl, 2-methylbut-2-enyl, 3-cyclopropylprop-2-ynyl, 4-hydroxy-4-methylpent-2-ynyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 2,3-difluorobenzyl, 1-hydroxy-2-oxo-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-cyanobenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl, 4-((N,N-dimethylamino)methyl)benzyl, (6-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridin-3-yl)methyl, 4-carbamoylbenzyl, cyclopropylsulfamoylmethyl, (4,4-dimethylpiperidine-1-sulfonamido)methyl, benzylsulfamoylmethyl, ((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)sulfamoyl)methyl, ((4-chlorophenyl)sulfamoyl)methyl, 4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzyl,


11. The compound of claim 8, wherein R⁴ is selected from methyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, trifluoroethyl, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl, pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl, benzyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, (1-ethylpyridin-4-yl)methyl, (4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl, methylsulfonamidoethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxycarbonylaminoethyl, (pyrazin-2-ylamino)ethyl, 2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl, (5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl, imidazolylethyl, imidazolylmethyl, (1-methyl-2,6-dioxopiperidin-4-yl)methyl, 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-ylethyl, (N,N-dimethylamino)carbonylmethyl, morpholinocarbonylmethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, 4-fluorophenyl, and tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl.
 12. The compound of claim 8, wherein R⁵ is selected from halo, hydroxy, alkyl and haloalkyl.
 13. The compound of claim 8, wherein R⁶ is selected from fluoro, trifluoromethyl, phenyl, fluorophenyl, thiophenyl, chlorothiophenyl and methylthiophenyl.
 14. The compound of claim 8, which is selected from the group consisting of


15. The compound of claim 1 selected from those of Formula (I-b) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; and Q¹, Q², Q³, Q⁴ and Q⁵ are independently selected from group consisting of C, N, O and S.
 16. The compound of claim 15, wherein each of Q¹, Q², Q⁴ and Q⁵ is carbon ring atom; and Q³ is carbon, nitrogen or oxygen ring atom.
 17. The compound of claim 15, wherein R² is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, methoxymethyl, and benzyl; and R³ is selected from the group consisting of cyclobutyl, dimethyl, isobutyl, cyclopentylmethyl, trifluoromethyl, (1-methylcyclopent-1-yl)methyl, (3-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methyl, methylhydroxymethyl, hydroxymethyl, methylmethoxymethyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, phenyl, pyridin-2-yl, benzyl, cyclopentenylmethyl, 1-methylazetidin-3-yl, imidazolylmethyl, cyclopropylmethylimidazolylmethyl, (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)imidazolylmethyl, (5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl, (2-fluorophenyl)methyl, methoxybenzyl, difluoromethoxybenzyl, carboxymethyl, cyanoethyl, carbamoyl methyl, N-(2-methoxyethyl)carbamoylmethyl, carboxymethyl, N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoylmethyl, 2-t-butanoylmethyl, N-isopropylcarbamoylmethyl, N-cyclopropylmethylcarbamoylmethyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl, pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, 2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, Methoxymethyl, (cyclopropylmethoxy)methyl, (trimethylsilyl)methyl, phenoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyloxymethyl, piperidin-1-ylcarbonyloxymethyl, N,N-dimethylureidomethyl, morpholin-4-ylcarbonylaminomethyl, isobutyramidomethyl, acetamidomethyl, (2-cyclopropylacetamido)methyl, ethyloxycarbonylaminomethyl, cyclobutylcarbonylaminomethyl, methylthioethyl, methylsulfonylethyl, cyclopropylmethylthiomethyl, cyclopropylmethylsulfonylmethyl, phenylthioethyl, phenylsulfonylethyl, indol-3-ylmethyl, isopropylindolylmethyl, 2-chlorophenylthioethyl, 2-oxoimidazolidin-1-ylmethyl, N,S-dimethylsulfonylaminomethyl, thiophen-2-yl, (3-acetamidopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl, (4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl, (3-oxopiperazin-1-yl)methyl, but-2-enylmethyl, 2-methylbut-2-enyl, 3-cyclopropylprop-2-ynyl, 4-hydroxy-4-methylpent-2-ynyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 2,3-difluorobenzyl, 1-hydroxy-2-oxo-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-cyanobenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl, 4-((N,N-dimethylamino)methyl)benzyl, (6-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridin-3-yl)methyl, 4-carbamoylbenzyl, cyclopropylsulfamoylmethyl, (4,4-dimethylpiperidine-1-sulfonamido)methyl, benzylsulfamoylmethyl, ((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)sulfamoyl)methyl, ((4-chlorophenyl)sulfamoyl)methyl, 4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzyl,


18. The compound of claim 15, wherein R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, trifluoroethyl, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl, pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl, benzyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, (1-ethylpyridin-4-yl)methyl, (4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl, methylsulfonamidoethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxycarbonylaminoethyl, (pyrazin-2-ylamino)ethyl, 2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl, (5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl, imidazolylethyl, imidazolylmethyl, (1-methyl-2,6-dioxopiperidin-4-yl)methyl, 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-ylethyl, N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl, morpholinocarbonylmethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, 4-fluorophenyl, and tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl.
 19. The compound of claim 15, wherein R⁵ is halo, hydroxy, alkyl or haloalkyl.
 20. The compound of claim 15, wherein R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of fluoro, trifluoromethyl, phenyl, fluorophenyl, thiophenyl, chlorothiophenyl and methylthiophenyl.
 21. The compound of claim 15, which is selected from the group consisting of


22. A compound selected from those of Formula (II) and pharmaceutically accepted salts thereof:

wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkylcycloalkyl, haloalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, haloalkylheteroaryl, cycloalkylheteroaryl, wherein R¹ is optionally substituted with alkyl; R² and R³ are independently selected from the group consisting of: (a) H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, and arylalkyl; (b) R⁹—C(O)—X²—, R⁹—O—C(O)—X²— and R⁹—S(O)_(a)—X²—, wherein X² is selected from the group consisting of a bond, —CH₂—, —NH—C₁₋₆ alkylene, alkylene, C₁₋₆ alkylene, C₂₋₆ akenylene, C₂₋₆ alkynylene, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylene, arylene, and heterocyclylene; R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy, amino, alkyl, haloalkyl, N-alkylamino, N,N-dialkylamino, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl; and a is 0, 1 or 2; wherein at least one of R² and R³ is a non-hydrogen substitution, and each R² and R³ is optionally substituted with one or more B where such an optional substitution is chemically feasible; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl alkyl, heterocycloalkyl alkyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, alkylamino, alkylaminoalkyl, cycloalkylamino, heterocycloalkylamino, arylamino, haloalkyl wherein chemically feasible, R⁴ is further substituted with one or more selected from halo, oxo, hydroxyl, amino, alkylamino, carbonyl, carbamoyloxy, carbamoyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, amino, carboxy, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyl, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)amino, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂ amino, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂ carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl-S(O)_(a) wherein a is 0, 1 or 2, NH₂—S(O)₂NH—, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)sulphamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂sulphamoyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl ; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of —H, halo, haloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from amino, halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; o is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R⁷ is NH₂— or OH—; and B is independently selected from the group consisting of oxo, halo, amino, hydroxyl, cyano, carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkylamino, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ dialkyl)amino, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyl, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀dialkyl)carbamoyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, (C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl)C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, aryl, (aryl)C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, (heteroaryl)C₁₋₁₀ alkyl and R(R′)(R″)silyl wherein R, R′ and R″ are independently alkyl or aryl.
 23. The compound of claim 22, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of methylcyclopropyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethylpropoxycarbonyl, benzoxycarbonyl, pyridinylmethyl, trifluoromethylpyridinylmethyl, cyclopropylpyridinylmethyl, phenylethyl, quinolinylmethyl, morpholinoethyl, and


24. The compound of claim 22, wherein R² and R³ are independently selected from the group consisting of —H, cyclobutyl, methyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, cyclopentylmethyl, trifluoromethyl, methylcyclopentylmethyl, methyltetrahydrofuranylmethyl, methylhydroxymethyl, hydroxymethyl, methylmethoxymethyl, pyridinylmethyl, phenyl, pyridinyl, benzyl, cyclopentenylmethyl, methylazetidinyl, imidazolylmethyl, cyclopropylmethylimidazolylmethyl, trifluoroethylimidazolylmethyl, trifluoromethylpyridinylmethyl, fluorophenylmethyl, methoxyphenylmethyl, difluoromethoxyphenylmethyl, carboxymethyl, cyanoethyl, aminocarbonylmethyl, N,N-methoxyethylaminocarbonylmethyl, hydroxycarbonylmethyl, pyrrolidinylaminocarbonylmethyl, tert-butoxycarbonylmethyl, isopropylaminocarbonylmethyl, cyclopropylmethylaminocarbonylmethyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl, pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, fluoromethylpropyl, hydroxymethylpropyl, methoxymethyl, (cyclopropylmethoxy)methyl, (trimethylsilyl)methyl, phenoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyloxymethyl, piperidinylcarbonyloxymethyl, dimethylureidomethyl, morpholinylcarbonylaminomethyl, isobutyramidomethyl, acetamidomethyl, cyclopropylacetamidomethyl, ethyloxycarbonylaminomethyl, cyclobutylcarbonylaminomethyl, methylthioethyl, methylsulfonylethyl, cyclopropylmethylthiomethyl, cyclopropylmethylsulfonylmethyl, phenylthioethyl, phenylsulfonylethyl, indolylmethyl, isopropylindolylmethyl, chlorophenylthioethyl, oxoimidazolidinylmethyl, N,S-dimethylsulfonylaminomethyl, thiophenyl, acetamidopyrrolidinylmethyl, acetylpiperazinylmethyl, oxopiperazinylmethyl, butenylmethyl, methylbutenyl, cyclopropylpropynyl, hydroxymethylpentynyl, pyridinylmethyl, methoxybenzyl, difluorobenzyl, hydroxyoxopyrrolidinylethyl, cyanobenzyl, acetamidobenzyl, N,N-dimethylaminomethylbenzyl, N,N-dimethylaminopyridinylmethyl, carbamoylbenzyl, cyclopropylsulfamoylmethyl, dimethylpiperidinylsulfonamidomethyl, benzylsulfamoylmethyl, pyridinylmethylsulfamoylmethyl, chlorophenylsulfamoylmethyl, pyrimidinylbenzyl,

wherein at least one of R² and R³ is a non-hydrogen substitution.
 25. The compound of claim 22, wherein R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, trifluoroethyl, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl, pyrrolidinylethyl, benzyl, pyridinylmethyl, ethylpyridinylmethyl, acetylpiperazinylethyl, methylsulfonamidoethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxycarbonylaminoethyl, pyrazinylaminoethyl, chlorofluorobenzyl, trifluoromethylpyridinylmethyl, imidazolylethyl, imidazolylmethyl, methyldioxopiperidinylmethyl, dioxopynolidinylethyl, N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylethyl, morpholinocarbonylethyl, hydroxymethylpropyl, fluorophenyl, and tetrahydropyranyl.
 26. The compound of claim 22, wherein R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of fluoro, trifluoromethyl, phenyl, fluorophenyl, thiophenyl, chlorothiophenyl and methylthiophenyl.
 27. The compound of claim 22, which is selected from compounds of Formula (II-c1) and (II-c2):


28. The compound of claim 27, wherein R² is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, methoxymethyl, and benzyl; and R³ is selected from the group consisting of H, cyclobutyl, methyl, isobutyl, cyclopentylmethyl, trifluoromethyl, (1-methylcyclopent-1-yl)methyl, (3-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methyl, methylhydroxymethyl, hydroxymethyl, methylmethoxymethyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, phenyl, pyridin-2-yl, benzyl, cyclopentenylmethyl, 1-methylazetidin-3-yl, imidazolylmethyl, cyclopropylmethylimidazolylmethyl, (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)imidazolylmethyl, (5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl, fluorobenzyl, methoxybenzyl, difluoromethoxybenzyl, carboxymethyl, cyanoethyl, carbamoylmethyl, N-(2-methoxyethyl)carbamoylmethyl, carboxymethyl, N-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamoylmethyl, 2-t-butanoylmethyl, N-isopropylcarbamoylmethyl, N-cyclopropylmethylcarbamoylmethyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl, pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, 2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, Methoxymethyl, (cyclopropylmethoxy)methyl, (trimethylsilyl)methyl, phenoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyloxymethyl, piperidin-1-ylcarbonyloxymethyl, N,N-dimethylureklomethyl, morpholin-4-ylcarbonylaminomethyl, isobutyramidomethyl, acetamidomethyl, (2-cyclopropylacetamido)methyl, ethyloxycarbonylaminomethyl, cyclobutylcarbonylaminomethyl, methylthioethyl, methylsulfonylethyl, cyclopropylmethylthiomethyl, cyclopropylmethylsulfonylmethyl, phenylthioethyl, phenylsulfonylethyl, indol-3-ylmethyl, isopropylindolylmethyl, 2-chlorophenylthioethyl, 2-oxoimidazolidin-1-ylmethyl, N,S-dimethylsulfonylaminomethyl, thiophen-2-yl, (3-acetamidopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl, (4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl, (3-oxopiperazin-1-yl)methyl, but-2-enylmethyl, 2-methylbut-2-enyl, 3-cyclopropylprop-2-ynyl, 4-hydroxy-4-methylpent-2-ynyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 2,3-difluorobenzyl, 1-hydroxy-2-oxo-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-cyanobenzyl, 4-acetamidobenzyl, 4-((N,N-dimethylamino)methyl)benzyl, (6-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridin-3-yl)methyl, 4-carbamoylbenzyl, cyclopropylsulfamoylmethyl, (4,4-dimethylpiperidine-1-sulfonamido)methyl, benzylsulfamoylmethyl, ((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)sulfamoyl)methyl, ((4-chlorophenyl)sulfamoyl)methyl, 4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzyl,


29. The compound of claim 27, wherein R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, trifluoroethyl, N,N-dimethylaminoethyl, pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl, benzyl, pyridin-2-ylmethyl, (1-ethylpyridin-4-yl)methyl, (4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl, methyl sulfonamidoethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxycarbonylaminoethyl, (pyrazin-2-ylamino)ethyl, 2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl, (5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl, imidazolylethyl, imidazolylmethyl, (1-methyl-2,6-dioxopiperidin-4-yl)methyl, 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-ylethyl, N,N-dimethylaminocarbonylmethyl, morpholinocarbonylmethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, 4-fluorophenyl, and tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl.
 30. The compound of claim 27, wherein R⁵ is halo, hydroxy, alkyl or haloalkyl.
 31. The compound of claim 27, wherein R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of fluoro, trifluoromethyl, phenyl, fluorophenyl, thiophenyl, chlorothiophenyl and methylthiophenyl.
 32. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of one or more compounds according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
 33. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 32, further comprising one or more anti-cancer agents.
 34. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 33, wherein the one or more anti-cancer agents are selected from the group consisting of cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, cisplatin, methotrexate, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, fluorouracil, cytarabine, vinblastine, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, bleomycin, mitomycin, prednisone, tamoxifen, flutamide, asparaginase, rituximab, trastuzumab, imatinib, retinoic acid, colony-stimulating factor, amifostine, lenalidomide, HDAC inhibitor, CDK inhibitor, camptothecin and topotecan.
 35. A method of inhibiting or treating a disease arising from abnormal cell proliferation and/or differentiation in an animal, comprising administering to said animal a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds according to claim
 1. 36. The method according to claim 35, wherein the animal is human.
 37. The method according to claim 35, wherein the disease is mediated by a histone deacetylase.
 38. The method according to claim 37, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of a cell proliferative disease, autosomal dominant disorder, genetic related metabolic disorder, fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, neurological disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
 39. The method according to claim 37, wherein the disease is cancer selected from the group consisting of bladder cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, melanoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer and thyroid cancer.
 40. The method according to claim 35, wherein the disease is pulmonary fibrosis or renal fibrosis. 